An investigation on gender stereotypes targeting female role on family, career and characteristics for international students through interview and IAT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4387Keywords:
Gender stereotype, international students, family, career.Abstract
Although in recent years, with the feminist movement, the impact of gender stereotypes on females is no longer apparent. However, it is undeniable that there are still many negative effects of gender bias in the daily lives of the public, and that cultural variation will determine the extent of these effects. This paper focuses on a sample of Chinese international students to investigate the impact of gender stereotypes about Chinese females in regarding career, family, and characters, as well as their personal perceptions of femininity. Semi-structured interviews and Gender-career Implicit Association Test were applied to receive the results of the study. The result of this study highlights the perception from participants of female states and gender stereotypes about China in the three aspects is different from the perceived individual expectations of females. By analyzing the results of the study, this study found that the formation of individual gender ideology and gender stereotypes is correlated with the level of education received and the gender ideology of the country and culture they are exposed to. Meanwhile, the division of household labor is connected to the gender ideology of the country, the SES and region of family and the employment status of females. This paper have also mentioned gender discrimination against females in the professional environment. However, it is effective to mitigate the negative effects of gender stereotypes promoting female participation in the workplace and utilizing gender-neutral language in education and balancing gender-specific academic expectations of students.
Downloads
References
Azcona, G., Bhatt, A., Brauchle, J., Fortuny Fillo, G., Min, Y., Page, H. and Zhang, Y. Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: The gender snapshot 2022. UN Woman, 2022: 1–31.
UNICEF. Gender equality. Unicef.org. 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/gender-equality.
Ashmore, R.D. and Del Boca, F.K. Sex stereotypes and implicit personality theory: Toward a cognitive—Social psychological conceptualization. Sex Roles, 1979, 5(2): 219–248.
Heilman, M.E. Gender Stereotypes and Workplace Bias. Research in Organizational Behavior, 2012, 32(32): 113–135.
Heilman, M.E. Description and Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Women’s Ascent Up the Organizational Ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 2001, 57(4): 657–674.
Ellemers, N. Gender Stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 2018, 69(1): 275–298.
Eisend, M. A meta-analysis of gender roles in advertising. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2010, 38(4): 418–440.
Koll Mayer, M., Schober, B. and Spiel, C. Gender stereotypes in education: Development, consequences, and interventions. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2018, 15(4): 361–377.
Zhang, L., Tony Srisupandit, P. and Cartwright, D. A comparison of gender role portrayals in magazine advertising. Management Research News, 2009, 32(7): 683–700.
Deaux, K. and Lewis, L.L. Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1984, 46(5): 991–1004.
Nosek, B.A., Banaji, M. and Greenwald, A.G Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2022, 6(1): 101–115.
Davis, S. Gender ideology construction from adolescence to young adulthood. Social Science Research, 2007, 36(3): 1021–1041.
McDaniel, A. Cross‐National Gender Gaps in Educational Expectations: the Influence of National‐Level Gender Ideology and Educational Systems. Comparative Education Review, 2010, 54(1), pp.27–50.
Anderson, R. Elite formation and excellence in modern Britain. Annali Della Scuola Normale Superiore Di Pisa. Classe Di Lettere e Filosofia, 2011 3(1):71–80.
Maume, Z.Z.L., David J. and Bellas, M.L. Chinese Husbands’ Participation in Household Labor. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 2000, 31(2): 191–215.
Davis, S.N. and Greenstein, T.N. (2009). Gender Ideology: Components, Predictors, and Consequences. Annual Review of Sociology, 2009, 35(1): 87–105.
Leung, A.S.M. Feminism in transition: Chinese culture, ideology and the development of the women’s movement in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 2003, 20(3): 359–374.
Du, X. (Does Confucianism Reduce Board Gender Diversity? Firm-Level Evidence from China. Journal of Business Ethics, 2014, 136(2): 399–436.
Kroska, A. Divisions of Domestic Work. Journal of Family Issues, 2004, 25(7): 890–922.
Mederer, H. J. Division of Labor in TwoEarner Homes: Task Accomplishment versus Household Management as Critical Variables in Perceptions about Family Work. Journal of Marriage and Family, 1003, 55(1): 133–145.
Kroska, A. and Elman, C. Change in attitudes about employed mothers: Exposure, interests, and gender ideology discrepancies. Social Science Research, 2009, 38(2): 366–382.
Lunenburg, F. C. Self-efficacy in the workplace: Implications for motivation and performance. International journal of management, business, and administration, 2011 14(1): 1-6
Sackett, P.R., DuBois, C.L. and Noe, A.W. Tokenism in performance evaluation: The effects of work group representation on male-female and White-Black differences in performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991, 76(2): 63–267.
Makarova, E., Aeschlimann, B. and Herzog, W. The Gender Gap in STEM Fields: The Impact of the Gender Stereotype of Math and Science on Secondary Students’ Career Aspirations. Frontiers in Education, 2019, 4(60).
Retelsdorf, J., Schwartz, K. and Asbrock, F. ‘Michael can’t read!’ Teachers’ gender stereotypes and boys’ reading self-concept.. Journal of Educational Psychology, 2015, 107(1): 186–194.
Alan, S., Ertac, S. and Mumcu, I. Gender Stereotypes in the Classroom and Effects on Achievement. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2018, 100(5): 876–890.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
