Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences
Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences (AJMSS) is a peer-reviewed journal published by Darcy & Roy Press. The mission of the journal is to provide an academic forum for discussing the issues of management, social sciences across the world. All articles published are rigorously and fast reviewed meeting the Journal Quality standards.
The Digital Economy and New Quality Productive Forces: A Literature Review
Whether the digital economy can foster the development of new quality productive forces depends not only on investment in digital technologies and infrastructure, but also on whether data and technology can be combined with conventional factors of production to create effective productive capacity. This article reviews the conceptual foundations and measurement approaches of the digital economy and new quality productive forces. It then synthesizes the literature on the overall effects of the digital economy, differences across levels of analysis, nonlinearities, and spatial spillovers, before examining the principal transmission mechanisms. The literature generally supports a positive relationship. The digital economy and new quality productive forces share close links in their technological foundations and factor composition. The central mechanism is the use of data to translate scientific and technological advances into productive capacity, supported by the recombination of production factors and the upgrading of industrial structure. The pace of this conversion, however, depends heavily on regional human-capital endowments and the ability to absorb frontier technologies. Digital infrastructure and an enabling legal and institutional environment are equally important. Future research should sharpen the conceptual boundaries of both constructs, improve the consistency and accuracy of measurement, examine linked mechanisms and cross-level transmission, and give greater attention to possible adverse effects. The use of multidimensional micro-level data would also strengthen causal identification.
Copyright (c) 2026 Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Judicial Imposition of the “Knowing” Element in Cybercrime of Assisting in Information Transmission and the Reconstruction of Rules
With the development of the digital economy, the cybercrime of assisting information transmission (hereinafter referred to as “aiding crime”) has experienced an explosive growth, becoming a highly prevalent type of cybercrime. However, there are numerous difficulties in the judicial determination of the core constituent element “knowing” in this crime. In academia, there is disagreement over the determination of “knowing”, leading to three mainstream views: “clearly knowing”, “clearly knowing versus possibly knowing”, and “clearly knowing versus should know”. In judicial practice, issues arise such as inconsistent application standards, vague definitions in judicial interpretations, and difficulty in forming an evidence chain. Based on this, it should be clarified that “knowing” includes both “clearly knowing” and “should know”. At the same time, the rules for determining “knowing” should be reconstructed by improving laws and regulations, the boundaries of “comprehensive determination” should be delineated, and multiple fperpetrators such as the perpetrator's experience, the amount involved, and bank transactions should be comprehensively considered, persevering in the principle of unity between subjectivity and objectivity in the determination. For the fperpetrators mentioned above, those with the most significant influence are given higher weights to establish the weight hierarchy among different fperpetrators. This paper provides a reference for judicial authorities to standardize the application of the “aiding crime” to achieve a balance between crime and punishment.
The Narrowing of the Definition of the Crime of Helping Information Network Criminal Activities
Since the crime of helping information networks was established in 2015, criminal activities have played a significant role in combating the cybercrime chain. With the increased crackdown on cybercrime in recent years, the number of prosecutions for this crime has surged, exhibiting a serious trend of "pocketization" expansion. The core reasons for this lie in the dual generalization of the subjective and objective elements of the crime, the mechanical determination of serious circumstances, and the improper handling of concurrence elements. Drawing on the international experience of the US's "willful blindness" and "Hierarchical Voluntary Sentencing Guidelines" , and the UK's "culpability and harm matrix" and "authorized disclosure" exemption, this article argues for the need to reconstruct the determination of the elements of the crime of helping information network criminal activities .Regarding the subjective elements, it is necessary to narrow down "knowing" to explicit knowing and presumed knowing, and to raise the standard of proof for presumed knowing based on the "willful blindness" standard, and to construct a clear path to acquittal by referring to "authorized disclosure"; for the circumstances of the crime, adhere to the dual sentencing review, and replace the sole criterion of amount with a comprehensive evaluation; and clarify the boundaries of concurrence based on subjective standards.
Shadow Infrastructures and Youth Agency: K-Pop Fans in Beijing Universities under Institutional Restriction
With the strengthening of platform governance and content regulation, young people are reshaping the channels of cross-border cultural exchange. This paper studies how K-Pop fans at Beijing universities continue to be interested in South Korean popular culture after the main platforms for dissemination have been shut down. Based on the semi-structured interviews with the fifteen student followers and digital ethnography and textual scrutiny, it can be found that institutional constraints impact their daily media behaviour in the following ways. We find that the restriction is not easy to lift. Instead, it has reduced the public awareness of Korean media, made the forms of participation more formal, and raised the cost of accessing information; thus, fans have turned to other places instead of leaving. To maintain communication among themselves, the fans have built what is known as a "shadow infrastructure", which is an unofficial system organised by the fans that includes cloud storage, foreign platforms and geographically dispersed virtual groups, and this requires extra effort in terms of emotions, technology and management. These frameworks are not only temporary circumstances but also creative networks created by young people in the face of media restrictions. This idea has been applied to the study of fandom, platform analysis and transnational media to investigate the decentralized infrastructure supporting the spread of culture today.
The Nature Reorientation and Systematic Construction of the Collateral Consequences of Criminal Convictions
Collateral consequences arise from a criminal record and restrict or even deprive the offenders and their family members or relatives of specific rights or qualifications through legal or non-legal means. Against the criminal policy backdrop of expanding misdemeanor legislation and the gradual contraction of the felony structure, the institutional defects of collateral consequences have become increasingly prominent: overbroad application, indefinite duration, and weak correlation with the nature of the offense. Given the difference in nature between criminal law and collateral consequences, the legitimacy of the collateral consequences system lies in its purely preventive function as security measures. On this theoretical basis, the construction of the collateral consequences system should follow four fundamental principles: the principle of appropriateness requires distinguishing between intentional and negligent crimes; the principle of necessity restricts the content of collateral consequences to those substantially related to the offense; the principle of proportionality reasonably limits the duration of application; and the principle of individual criminal responsibility explicitly prohibits undue expansion of the scope of application to others. Meanwhile, it is necessary to establish a mechanism for expungement of misdemeanor records to avoid the hidden effects of collateral consequences. Specifically, the criteria for determining misdemeanors, the review period, and the responsible authorities should be clarified. In addition, to address the persistent social discrimination, measures from social assistance and restorative justice can be adopted to protect persons with criminal records. Only in this way can a dynamic balance between crime prevention and human rights protection be achieved, responding to the urgent need for reforming the misdemeanor governance system in the modernization of state governance.
On the Construction of China's Export Control Legal Framework from the Perspective of Legislative Path
The landscape of global competition has shifted dramatically. Export controls are no longer just trade policies; they've become a central piece in the strategic chess game major powers play to protect their tech edge and national security. China has fast-tracked the modernization of its export control laws. This paper walks through that legislative journey—from the early days of scattered administrative rules to the unified framework scholars see with the 2020 Export Control Law. It takes a close look at the nuts and bolts of the current system: the control lists, the rules around deemed exports, how licensing works, and the reach of these laws beyond China's borders. What this study finds is a system grappling with some tough nuts to crack: control lists that are spread out and slow to update, a glaring absence of clearly deemed export rules, and enforcement that doesn't always have the bite it needs. By looking at how controls play out in practice—with rare earths, high-performance drones, and nuclear materials—this paper suggests a path forward. That includes creating a single, unified list with clear codes, spelling out what counts as a deemed export, streamlining the licensing process, and refining how China hits back when other countries discriminate. The goal is to offer some grounded, forward-looking ideas for strengthening China's legal toolkit.
The Ethical Connotations of the Outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan
The political stance of the Communist Party of China in the New Era is embodied in the Outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan. It is essential for the CPC’s development and its noble undertakings on the new journey that we comprehensively summarize the extensive experience of the Party’s formulation of principles and policies. Rich in profound ethical connotations and unique characteristics, the Outline covers core ethical categories of goodness, righteousness, beauty and happiness. Meanwhile, it possesses three distinctive traits: forward-looking guidance, dialectical unity, as well as profound and extensive ideological implications.
The Impact of Green Credit on Commercial Bank Performance
Under the background of China 's " double carbon " goal, green credit has become the core tool for commercial banks to support green transformation. It is of great significance to study the impact of green credit on the performance of commercial banks. Based on the sample of 23 A-share listed commercial banks from 2012 to 2023, this paper empirically tests the impact of green credit on bank performance. The study found that green credit has a significant negative impact on the overall performance of commercial banks. Further heterogeneity analysis shows that large-scale banks can achieve performance improvement with the help of policy support and scale effect, while small and medium-sized banks have a negative effect. High-risk management banks have no significant negative impact, while low-risk management banks have a significant negative effect. This study provides reference and theoretical support for banks and related institutions to scientifically formulate and implement green credit policies.
Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Coupling Coordination between Tourism Development and the Ecological Environment in Gansu Province, China
The coordination between tourism development and the ecological environment, together with its spatiotemporal differences, is of considerable practical significance for the high-quality development of tourism in ecologically fragile regions. Based on panel data for 14 prefecture-level cities and autonomous prefectures in Gansu Province from 2010 to 2019, this study constructed an evaluation indicator system for the coupling coordination between tourism development and the ecological environment and applied a coupling coordination model to measure and analyze its spatiotemporal evolution. The results indicate that: (1) tourism development in Gansu Province fluctuated overall during 2010-2019, with differentiated trajectories across prefecture-level units due to variations in the quality of tourism resources, tourism market size, and levels of economic development. The composite level of the ecological environment improved gradually, although regional disparities remained evident. (2) Most prefecture-level units remained in a state of moderate or mild imbalance throughout the study period, and the overall improvement in coupling coordination was limited. Jiuquan exhibited a relatively high level of coordination and reached the barely coordinated stage in both 2015 and 2019. (3) Spatially, the coupling coordination degree was generally higher in western Gansu and lower in the east, and this spatial pattern remained relatively stable during the study period. The findings suggest that the coordinated development of tourism development and the ecological environment in Gansu Province still requires more effective synergy among resource carrying-capacity constraints, ecological conservation investment, and regionally differentiated development strategies.
Empowering Mechanism, Practical Dilemmas and Optimization Strategies of Digital-Intelligent Technology in Government Low-Carbon Governance
Digital-intelligent technology provides crucial technical support for addressing government low-carbon governance dilemmas and improving regional low-carbon governance capacity. This paper systematically explores the empowering mechanism and practical dilemmas of digital-intelligent technology in low-carbon governance. The results indicate that digital-intelligent technology empowers government low-carbon governance in three core aspects: decision-making, process and governance mode. It transforms empirical and lagging governance decision-making into scientific prediction, fragmented decentralized governance into multi-subject collaborative co-governance, and extensive administrative management into refined precise governance. In practice, digital low-carbon governance is restricted by three prominent dilemmas: cognitive bias of technological omnipotence, misalignment between technology and institutional systems, and insufficient comprehensive capacity of diverse governance subjects. This paper proposes targeted optimization strategies to correct cognitive deviations, promote technology-institution collaborative adaptation and make up for multi-subject capacity deficiencies, aiming to provide theoretical references and practical guidance for improving government low-carbon governance efficiency.
Ethical Framework for Health Data Privacy Protection in Smart Elderly Care: A Grounded Theory Approach
As the trend of population aging is accelerating, health data privacy protection in smart elderly care has gained more significance to resolve ethical issues and contribute to the sustainable development of digital elderly care. This paper will review the literature, policies, regulations and technical standards and use grounded theory using open, axial and selective coding to determine major ethical aspects and develop a theoretical framework. The results indicate that the framework can be divided into four dimensions: compliance governance and risk control, individual rights and dignity protection, structural fairness and procedural justice, and collaborative governance with trusted innovation. The institutional base is compliance governance, the fundamental value is rights protection, balanced governance is facilitated by structural fairness, and continuous improvement is facilitated by collaborative innovation. Combined, these dimensions constitute an ethical system of governance that incorporates institutional regulation, rights protection, equitable governance, and technological innovation. This paper offers a theoretical approach to privacy protection of health data in smart elderly care. Nevertheless, additional empirical studies should be conducted to evaluate the applicability of the framework in various practical contexts.
Knowledge Graph Construction and Risk Prediction for Early Warning of Individual Extreme Violence
Personal extreme violence is sudden, hidden and highly destructive, and its early identification and early warning have become a key task for public security governance. However, the existing methods based on text analysis and knowledge graph still have obvious shortcomings in risk semantic identification, conceptual system construction and risk assessment interpretability. For this reason, this article is aimed at the early warning of personal extreme violence behaviour, based on the risk ontology library, and then builds a knowledge graph, and puts forward an interpretable risk prediction framework ROKEF. The experimental results show that the method is significantly superior to the representative models of KGGen, GraphRAG and RAKG in terms of key semantic recognition such as high-risk behaviours, extreme speech and psychological abnormalities, and the generated spectrum also performs better in structural integrity and risk correlation. At the same time, the knowledge graph and interpretable forecasting framework based on the ontology library can effectively support the structured representation, quantitative evaluation and traceability analysis of risks. The research results show that this method can provide important theoretical value and practical support for intelligent early warning of individual extreme violence, intelligent public security construction and social security governance.
The Impact of Age-Friendly Home Modifications on the Well-Being of Urban Older Adults: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
With the acceleration of the aging process and the change of people's ideas, it has become the key point of social construction in China in the new era to provide a good living environment for the elderly and focus on improving their sense of acquisition and happiness. However, the improvement of the quality of life and happiness of the elderly by the aging renovation of urban housing remains to be further verified. In this paper, based on the data of China Health and Pension Tracking Survey in 2020, an Ordered Logit model is constructed to demonstrate the influence of aging renovation of urban housing on the happiness of elderly residents, and to clarify the differentiated influence of aging renovation of urban housing on the happiness of elderly residents with different individual characteristics. The results show that the aging renovation of urban housing can significantly improve the happiness of elderly residents; Some urban residential aging projects have a more significant impact on the happiness of elderly residents; The individual characteristics of elderly residents should be fully considered in the aging transformation of urban housing.
Research on the Optimization Path of English Guide Text Translation for Museum Historical Theme Special Exhibition
Museum historical themed exhibitions are an important window for cross-cultural dissemination of Chinese history and culture, and the quality of their English guide texts directly determines the effectiveness of international dissemination. At present, there are common problems in the English translation of museum history exhibitions in China, such as inconsistent terminology, lack of historical context, weak sentence adaptation, and superficial cultural translation, and an exclusive standardized translation system has not yet been formed. This article combines the research of museum special exhibition text data to systematically sort out the existing problems and underlying causes of translation. It constructs a systematic translation optimization path from the dimensions of terminology standardization, contextual reconstruction, language adaptation, cultural translation, and quality control, providing reference for the English translation practice of museum historical publicity texts.
Research on the Protection of the Interests of the Vulnerable in Foreign-Related Marital Relations
In foreign-related marital relations, the asymmetric interest structure formed due to cross-border settlement causes foreign parties to face significant rights and interests imbalances and be in a weak position due to multiple adverse effects such as social resources, legal cognition, and information acquisition. The current "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Application of Laws to Foreign-Related Civil Relations" only introduces the principle of protecting the weak in the inheritance and guardianship systems, ignoring the predicament of the weak in marital relations. It is better to introduce the principle of protecting the interests of the weak, emphasize that in foreign-related marital relations, the core rights of either party shall not be excluded under the pretext of autonomy of will, clarify the protection standards for the interests of the weak, recognize the hidden cost input of the weak, and at the same time clarify the judgment criteria in favor of the weak in adjudication, so as to realize the protection of the interests of the weak under limited autonomy of will.
A Cross-Disciplinary Study on the Legal Regulation of Food Safety and Food Nutrition under the Implementation of Online Catering Regulations
The Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Implementation of Primary Responsibility for Food Safety by Online Catering Service Providers (SAMR Order No. 123) officially took effect on June 1, 2026, marking a shift in the online catering industry in China toward systematic management. The Regulations, which focus on baseline food safety concerns such as verification of qualification, process control and prohibition of “ghost kitchens” also set an institutional basis for the joint governance of food nutrition. This paper analyses the institutional structure and regulatory rationale behind the new regulations, taking into account Article 150 of the Food Safety Law, which explicitly includes compliance with required nutrition standards as part of food safety. It also examines their strengths and weaknesses with respect to the regulation of food additives, prepared foods and nutrient information disclosure. This study shows that, while the Regulations mainly confirm the traditional safety standard of the food must be “non-toxic” and “non-hazardous”, the dimension of “nutritional adequacy” is still underdeveloped and largely subsidiary, particularly in the online catering sector. With the help of prepared dishes as a focal case, the paper argues that the lack of institutionalization of compulsory disclosure of nutritional information constitutes a major institutional gap. Based on the regulatory rationale for the compulsory “delivery-only” labelling, the paper recommends that compulsory disclosure of prepared dishes should be included in the current regulatory system, as it is a necessary measure for ensuring consumers' right to know and right to choose. Finally, the paper proposes an integrated governance approach which integrates nutritional protection with the food safety regulation, including better information transparency mechanisms, revision of the food safety law to concentrate nutrition-related obligations, creation of third party verification systems and greater participation of consumers in nutrition-related social supervision.
Review and Optimization Strategies of Local Health Impact Assessment Legislation under the Perspective of "Health in All Policies"
Against the backdrop of the comprehensive implementation of "Health in All Policies", the health impact assessment system has emerged. Guided by the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the Basic Law on Health Promotion and Basic Medical and Health Services of the People's Republic of China, local legislation has been actively exploring and practicing, achieving notable results in procedural assessment norms, interdepartmental coordination mechanisms, and the application of assessment results. However, due to the insufficiency of higher-level legal basis, there are still deficiencies in these areas that need to be improved. Therefore, this paper proposes legislative suggestions for optimizing local health impact assessment in four aspects: improving the legal system for health impact assessment, establishing a full-chain closed-loop assessment mechanism, enhancing cross-departmental governance capabilities, and strengthening the rigid constraints of assessment results, aiming to lay a solid legal foundation for the implementation of "Health in All Policies".
Judgment and Identification of Criminal Subjects in Generative Artificial Intelligence
In the era of artificial intelligence (AI) sweeping across the globe, AI-related crimes have sparked a debate over whether AI entities can be eligible subjects of criminal liability and how to determine the subject of the crime. Previous relevant studies have faced issues such as unclear standards for concept definition, ambiguous boundaries between objective attributes and normative evaluations, and complexity, which not only triggered disputes over standards and viewpoints but also easily led to the uncertainty of conclusions. Based on the elaboration of the essential attributes of artificial intelligence, this article will analyze the specific difficulties in identifying the subject of criminal responsibility, such as the difficulty in recognizing the subject and applying the constitutive elements of crime. It will seek specific identification and imputation paths for the subject of criminal responsibility of artificial intelligence, such as clarifying the scope of the responsible subject in judicial practice, constructing a hierarchical imputation framework, or adjusting the constitutive elements of crime to meet the requirements of technological development. Furthermore, it will draw on legislative experience from outside the region to improve some gaps in China's prevention and punishment of artificial intelligence crimes.
The Dilemma and Path Optimization of Criminal Law Regulation for Generative Artificial Intelligence Deep Forgery
The rapid development and inclusion of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology have greatly reduced the threshold of deep forgery production. Its abuse has posed multidimensional and deep-seated harm to civil rights, social order and even national security. The intervention of criminal law has become inevitable and urgent. In judicial practice, the application of charges is diversified and inconsistent. Due to the lack of distinction between the essence of deep forgery, the application of law is fragmented, which leads to differences in the standards of conviction and sentencing, and different judgments in the same case. At the same time, the existing provisions of criminal law have significant limitations, which are reflected in the obvious application obstacles and legislative lag when dealing with the problem of deep forgery of generative AI. In view of the above problems, the article proposes to optimize the path of criminal law regulation from the two aspects of legislation and justice, expand the interpretation of charges in legislation, unify the judgment standards in justice, and improve the regulation efficiency. Through the above means, people can enhance the credibility and effectiveness of criminal law regulation and build a deep counterfeiting criminal law response system in the era of generative AI.
Challenges and Approaches to Anti-Money Laundering Assessment of Digital Renminbi from the Perspectives of Controlled Anonymity and Cross-Border Payments
The centralized digital currency that belongs to the People's Republic of China, which people call e-CNY, in its own nature brings up complicated thinking points for the obeying of laws that have the goal of stopping the unlawful moving of money. The present study inspects two main aspects: firstly, its structure of supervised transaction secrecy, and secondly, the influences of its application in international payments. When carry out the evaluation of whether the platform follows AML protocols, people must handle the two-side character of its designed privacy, which requires traceability for official organs while allowing users to keep pseudonym names, therefore it creates a new environment for regulation supervision that is different from traditional cash or completely anonymous digital property. At the same time, the function of cross-border payments brings extra levels of jurisdictional and monitoring complication, because transactions can go around current financial tracking systems, hence requiring the building of new international cooperation mechanisms and interoperable supervision technology. Therefore, hence a comprehensive strategy must be formulated, which integrates adaptive regulative technology, amended legal definitions for digital sovereign currency, and proactive participation in making global standards for the management of this kind of financial instruments.
The Determination of Punitive Compensation Base for copyright Infringement
Accurate determination of the compensation base is the key to bringing the punitive compensation system into play. However, in judicial practice, the three legal bases of the actual loss of the obligee, the infringement profit of the infringer and the right licensing fee are all faced with the problem of difficult proof. At present, the calculation of the punitive damages base has been widely discussed, but the research on how to improve the use rate of the legal base to calculate the amount of compensation is still insufficient. This paper analyzes the high burden of proof faced by the obligee in selecting the legal base. Based on this, this paper puts forward the following suggestions: Firstly, the proof standard of presumption and "probability predominance" is adopted to reduce the burden of proof of the obligee. Secondly, improve the applicability of reasonable licensing fees and clarify the quantitative standards. Finally, the agreed compensation is used to calculate the amount of compensation when the actual loss and infringement profit cannot be calculated directly.
Qualitative Analysis of Criminal Characterization on Assisting in Crimes and Gaining Profits Therefrom
To effectively regulate, accurately penalize and systematically prevent assist cybercrimes, Article 287-2 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, which defines the offense of aiding cybercriminal activities, has been specifically established in China's Criminal Code. This paper aims to conduct a systematic comparative analysis and jurisprudential discussion on the offense of aiding cybercriminal activities in China's legal system, and the equivalent aiding cybercrime offenses established in major extraterritorial jurisdictions, including the United States, Germany and Japan. This study combines a series of typical specific cases in China's judicial practice in recent years, and carries out in-depth classification and empirical research on this category of crime with "provision of technical support, payment and settlement assistance" and "acquisition of illegal proceeds" as its core characteristics. Through the aforementioned multi-dimensional comparative analysis and case dissection, this study attempts to draw conclusions with both theoretical and practical value on the delimitation of boundaries between the offense of aiding cybercriminal activities and other equivalent aiding offenses involving illegal proceeds, in terms of constitutive elements, incrimination standards and judicial identification. Ultimately, the "aiding act + illicit gain" offenses are classified into three categories: "instrumental" aiding, cooperative aiding and post-offense aiding, and the proposed perspective is substantiated with specific case examples.
The Copyrightability of Artificial Intelligence Products
In recent years, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, the definition of copyright rights has also been exposed, which has attracted widespread attention from all walks of life. As far as the existing research is concerned, the number of relevant studies on the copyright of artificial intelligence products is growing rapidly, the research content is also deepening, and the overall development trend is improving. However, it should be recognized that the existing research still has a vague boundary for the definition of its nature, and the relevant supporting legal system is not yet perfect. Therefore, this paper systematically examines the issues related to the copyrightability of AI products in the copyright law. This paper concludes that the copyright of artificial intelligence products should be defined by the core contribution of human beings, always adhere to the principle of the subject-object dichotomy, and curb reform based on the original judicial framework. Based on this, this paper puts forward the following suggestions: while continuously promoting the innovation of theory and system, further refining the definition standard, constantly improving the legislative and judicial construction, actively responding to the internationalization trend and actively giving the Chinese plan.
Analysis of Challenges and Compliance Pathways for China's Data Regulation in Alignment with RCEP Data Flow Rules
With the rapid development of the digital economy, cross-border data flows have become a central issue in global economic and trade competition. The study utilizes the Security Exceptions Clause of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and China's Data Outflow Security Assessment System as entry points, examining the challenges and compliance pathways associated with flow regulations. Core issues. The study finds that there are two dilemmas in aligning China’s data regulations with RCEP rules. At the regulatory level, RCEP is based on the principle of free movement with security as an exception, while China prioritizes security and constrains free movement through evaluation. At the institutional level, issues such as unclear scope of "important data", lack of facilitation mechanisms, and insufficient regulatory coordination have resulted in high compliance costs for enterprises. In response to these issues, the national level should promote consensus on the interpretation of RCEP security exception clauses, clarify the leading department for data export, and improve the directory of “important data”. At the enterprise level, it is necessary to establish an internal compliance system, strengthen communication with regulatory authorities, and proactively apply for compliance certification. This study aims to provide a theoretical reference and practical guidance for enhancing the regulation of cross-border data flow in China and supporting enterprises in participating in international competition in compliance.
The Impact of Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms and China's Response Strategies
The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is a core tool of the European Union in advancing climate governance. However, CBAM fundamentally conflicts with the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR-RC)" and the national treatment principle of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in its institutional design, quoting the exception clause of Article 20 of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) also faces strict tests of "necessity" and "proportionality". For China, the short-term trade impact of CBAM is limited, but in the medium to long term, it will exacerbate export costs and pressure for industrial transformation; at the industrial level, it may not only force green innovation in high carbon industries, but also trigger the reverse effect of small and medium-sized enterprises exiting and carbon leakage. Therefore, China should respond systematically from three levels: multilateral, bilateral, and domestic. Collaborating with developing countries at the border level to strive for fair rules and promote the institutionalization of CBDR-RC principles; strive for carbon price deduction, mutual recognition of accounting standards, and equivalent exemptions at the bilateral level; improve the carbon pricing system at the domestic level and accelerate the green transformation of industries. The strategic framework of internal and external collaboration helps China safeguard its development rights and interests in the climate trade game.
Normal Value, Significant Distortions, and the Limits of Cost Adjustment under the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement
State intervention and industrial policies are standing out as the global trade system changes. Anti-dumping measures have shifted from their original role of fixing price discrimination to being an important tool for international competition. This paper examines the European Union's significant distortions approach, focusing on the practice of replacing the actual costs recorded in the exporting country with surrogate costs when constructing normal value, and evaluates whether that practice is consistent with the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement. The paper first clarifies the meaning of normal value under the Anti-Dumping Agreement. It then explains how the European Union reformulated the basis of normal value after the expiry of Article 15(a)(ii) of China's WTO Accession Protocol through the significant distortions framework. It next identifies three main WTO law constraints on investigative discretion. On that basis, the paper argues that current EU practice often seeks to eliminate, rather than reflect, market distortions. The paper concludes that anti-dumping rules should remain focused on harmful dumping and should not be used as a broader instrument for reshaping other economies.
The Paradox of Protection and Governance: Structural Contradictions between Criminal Justice and Immigration Enforcement in Anti-Trafficking
Although the international framework identifies human trafficking as a serious felony and requires the protection of victims, there is still a general gap in practice: victims are often mistakenly identified as undocumented migrants, offenders or unreliable witnesses. This ontological inconsistency represents a profound institutional dilemma, not just a cognitive bias. This study discusses the structural contradictions between criminal justice and immigration law enforcement in anti-human trafficking governance. Through a critical assessment of the international legal framework and institutional practises, this study has found anomalies in policy implementation, especially why victims are often classified as illegal immigrants. It also explores how the logic of administrative law enforcement violates human rights and turns existing aid mechanisms into sources of secondary victimization. Research results show that conflicting institutional goals often push victims to the criminal justice system instead of providing asylum, which leads to the process of pursuing justice inadvertently causing more trauma. In addition, the current relief system has obvious conditional characteristics, that is, the premise of providing protection is that the victim is considered to have a certain value in criminal proceedings. This system stems from the conflict between border security priorities and individual rights, and this structural paradox calls for a paradigm shift. Finally, this article advocates narrowing the gap between international human rights norms and national practises and calls for the decoupling of social assistance from criminal cooperation in order to establish a more humane and efficient anti-human trafficking mechanism.
The Boundary of "Knowing" in the Crime of Assisting Information Network Criminal Activities
In recent years, the number of cases of aiding and abetting information network crimes (hereinafter referred to as "aiding and abetting crimes") has increased, the groups involved have gradually expanded, and criminal behavior has shown a trend of universalization. One of the core elements in the determination of the crime of aiding and abetting is the rule for determining knowledge in the crime of aiding and abetting. Nowadays, there is a problem of expanding the application of "presumed knowledge" in judicial practice. In addition, "knowledge" itself has complex characteristics such as indirectness, unidirectionality, and predictability, which makes it difficult to prove subjective elements and prone to the risk of objective attribution and "different judgments in the same case". This article points out that the reasonable definition of the boundary of "knowing" should be based on the principle of modesty in criminal law, strictly distinguishing between civil violations and criminal illegality, and through the introduction of typological situational judgment standards, combined with the specific cognitive abilities and behavioral scenarios of the perpetrator for evaluation, strictly regulating the application of criminal presumptions, clearly distinguishing between factual presumptions and legal presumptions, and fully safeguarding the defendant's right to refute, preventing the erroneous upgrade of "should know but did not know" to "knowing", and constructing a comprehensive identification system that unifies subjective and objective factors.
Analysis and Prevention of the Drawbacks of Artificial Intelligence Deep Faking Technology
The rapid development of artificial intelligence has led to the emergence of deepfake technology in a way that “foils reality”, making it visible to the public. Research has shown that the abuse of deepfake technology is undermining the social trust structure and the authenticity of information dissemination, and is highly likely to lead to risks such as fraud and infringement of reputation rights. Moreover, it also has problems such as ambiguous liability determination and difficulty in tracing the source. In response to this, it is necessary to establish a complete legal framework, such as defining the liability entities for the abuse of this technology and the issue of sentencing, enhancing the proactive defense capabilities of the technology, establishing comprehensive and real-time monitoring technologies through multi-party cooperation, and promoting social collaborative governance to enhance the awareness of prevention among the general public. While curbing the development of technology, people should also reserve space for its beneficial applications, promote the development of deepfake technology within the bounds of legality and compliance, and maintain social stability and protect public interests.
The Impact Mechanism of New Quality Productive Forces in Agriculture on Agricultural Carbon Emissions
Agricultural carbon emissions are a key issue in global climate governance. New quality productive forces in agriculture, an advanced productivity form driven by scientific and technological innovation, significantly directly inhibit agricultural carbon emissions by promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of agricultural production methods. Employing panel data spanning from 2010 to 2023 across 31 provincial - level administrative units in China (including autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), this research paper systematically assesses the influence, transmission processes, and spatial attributes of the new - quality productive forces in the agricultural sector on agricultural carbon emissions. It achieves this by utilizing two - way fixed - effects models, mediation - effects models, and spatial Durbin models. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The emergence of novel, high - quality productive forces in the agricultural sector exerts a substantial direct suppressive impact on agricultural carbon emissions. This effect remains stable even after addressing endogeneity issues and conducting multiple robustness verifications. (2) The enhancement of agricultural total factor productivity and the optimization of agricultural industrial agglomeration are two parallel mediating transmission pathways; (3) The carbon reduction effect of new quality productive forces in agriculture has significant regional heterogeneity, with a stronger inhibitory effect in northern China than in southern China; (4) It has a significant spatial spillover effect, which can not only suppress local carbon emissions, but also play a radiating driving role in adjacent regions. This paper provides systematic theoretical framework and empirical evidence for understanding the carbon reduction effect of new quality productive forces in agriculture.