Academic Journal of Science and Technology
Academic Journal of Science and Technology (AJST) is a peer-reviewed journal published by Darcy & Roy Press. The mission of the journal is to provide an academic forum for discussing the issues of science, engineering, and technology across the world. All articles published are rigorously and fast reviewed meeting the Journal Quality standards.
The Spatial Pattern of Entertainment Service Places in Hong Kong
Leisure and entertainment are one of the basic functions of a city. The leisure and entertainment services of urban residents have become an important symbol of the city and the driving force of social and economic development, and the quality of leisure life has become an important indicator for urban residents to measure their living environment and happiness. In order to explore the relationship of spatial patterns of entertainment service places in Hong Kong between residents' income and regional housing prices, this project studied the layout characteristics of entertainment service places in Hong Kong using R programming and investigated its relationship with residents' income and regional housing prices in the aspects of descriptive statistics, point pattern and area pattern analysis to provide references for entertainment service places planning in the process of urban development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Academic Journal of Science and Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lightweight Design of Composite Battery Case Upper Cover Based on NSGA-II Algorithm
In response to the lightweight demand for battery packs of new energy vehicles and the development of composite flame-retardant technology, this paper proposes a multi-objective optimization method for composite upper covers based on the NSGA-II algorithm. Firstly, the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy materials and two types of composite materials are compared. Then, a battery pack model is established and preprocessed, and the thickness of the composite upper cover is calculated according to the equal stiffness approximation theory. Subsequently, the partitioned thickness of the upper cover is set as a variable to determine the optimization objectives, and the optimal Latin hypercube design method is used to generate sample points. By comparing the accuracy of three surrogate models, namely Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Kriging, and Radial Basis Function (RBF), the RSM surrogate model is selected as the optimal one. Furthermore, the RSM model is substituted into the NSGA-II algorithm to solve the multi-objective optimization model, and finally the optimal scheme for the thickness of the composite upper cover is obtained. The optimization results show that within the range of modal error less than 0.1Hz, the mass of the structural part is reduced by 1.99kg, representing a 15% mass reduction. This demonstrates the lightweight effect and feasibility of the method, and verifies the application potential of the composite material in the field of battery cases.
Study on Traffic Improvement at the Intersection of Zhongxing Road and Jihua Road
At its core, road safety is about human safety. Shifting the focus back to every road user—particularly vulnerable pedestrians and cyclists—and enhancing the safety, convenience, and human-centered design of slow-traffic systems to eliminate potential risks are critical steps in strengthening the urban safety network and embodying the people-oriented governance philosophy. This case study focuses on the Zhongxing Bridge–Jihua Road intersection, aiming to "ensure dedicated paths for cyclists and further encourage cycling" through comprehensive optimization spanning engineering design and management controls. Following the upgrades, the area has not only seen a significant reduction in accident risks but has also been transformed into a safe, comfortable, and friendly slow-traffic space, tangibly improving citizens’ travel experience and sense of fulfillment.
The Aging Mechanism and the Telomere Depletion Theory
Aging in mammals is a complex biological process which is influenced by multiple mechanisms, and telomere attrition is recognized as a key hallmark among them. The gradual reduction of telomeres, which are protective structures located at the ends of chromosomes, is closely associated with cellular senescence and organismal aging. However, the precise contribution of telomere dynamics to aging and age-related diseases still has some uncertainties, and it is still debated whether telomere shortening is a cause or consequence of these processes. Recent studies have focused on both genetic and environmental factors affecting telomere length, as well as the molecular mechanisms of telomere maintenance and dysfunction. This article comprehensively outlines nine major mechanisms of aging and has a particular focus on the structure, function, and regulatory mechanisms of telomeres. The article also emphasizes the mechanism of telomere shortening and its impact on cellular and tissue aging. Additionally, the special roles of telomere maintenance mechanisms in stem cells and cancer cells are discussed. Regarding the shortening and maintenance mechanisms of telomeres and telomeres within cells, the article introduces some recent anti-aging and anti-cancer techniques, enabling readers to have a more comprehensive understanding of the role and prospects of telomeres in these fields.
Aging; Telomere; Cancer; Telomerase; CRISPR.
The Progress of Prime Editing in The Treatment of Neurogenetic Diseases
Due to the non-renewable nature of central nervous system cells, genetic heterogeneity and the mechanism of dominant negative mutations, neurogenetic diseases have long lacked effective radical treatment methods. Traditional gene editing techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 rely on DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), which are inefficient and pose safety risks in non-dividing neurons. Prime Editing (PE), as a disruptive "search - replace" type of precise gene editing technology, realizes all 12 base conversions, small fragment insertions and deletions without introducing DSB, bringing unprecedented opportunities for the treatment of neurogenetic diseases. This article will elaborate on the technical principles of PE and its unique advantages in the treatment of neurogenetic diseases by combining experimental research and literature reports in recent years. It will focus on summarizing the latest breakthrough progress of PE in the preclinical research of alternating hemiplegia (AHC) in children, especially its symptom reversal and functional recovery ability demonstrated in in vivo treatment. Meanwhile, this article delves deeply into the core challenges faced by the clinical transformation of PE, such as in vivo delivery efficiency and interference with mismatch repair (MMR) systems, and looks forward to the future directions of addressing these challenges through carrier engineering innovation. PE technology is expected to drive the transformation of neurogenetic diseases from symptomatic treatment to one-time radical cure in a new era.
prime editing: Gene editing, neurogenetic diseases, AHC.
CRISPR/Cas9 in Antibody Engineering: Advances in Cell Line Optimization and Therapeutic Applications
Derived from the adaptive immune system of prokaryotes, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology has revolutionized biotechnology with its simplicity, efficiency and precision, and plays a crucial role in advancing biopharmaceuticals. This paper focuses on the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 in antibody engineering, especially its role in optimizing the CHO cell lines and advancing immunotherapy. The results of this paper show that in the CHO cell line optimization, CRISPR improves antibody yield by knocking down apoptotic genes (e.g., Bak1, Bax), modifies glycosylation patterns by editing FUT8 to improve antibody efficacy and safety, and reduces residual host cell proteins by double knockdown of C1s/MGAT1. In immunotherapy, CRISPR-modified CAR-T cells improved editing efficiency, minimized off-target effects, and mitigated GVHD and immune rejection through multi-gene editing. These findings highlight the dual value of the CRISPR in improving antibody production efficiency/quality and driving innovation in immunotherapy, laying the foundation for advances in biopharmaceuticals and personalized medicine.
CRISPR/Cas9, Gene-editing, Antibody engineering.
The Correlation between Neurodegenerative Diseases and Sleep and the Application of Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy
Neurodegenerative diseases are increasingly prevalent among older adults and are often accompanied by significant sleep disturbances, which not only reduce quality of life but may also contribute to disease progression. While conventional treatments remain limited in effectiveness, deep brain stimulation (DBS)—a neuromodulatory technique originally developed for movement disorders—has emerged as a potential therapy for alleviating both motor and non-motor symptoms, including sleep dysfunction. This paper reviews current applications of DBS in neurodegenerative diseases with a focus on sleep outcomes. The analysis examines clinical studies and experimental evidence examining multiple stimulation targets. In AD, stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), fornix, and ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS) has been associated with improved subjective sleep quality and slowed cognitive decline, though results remain inconsistent. In PD, subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation has been shown to improve total sleep time, REM and slow-wave sleep, and reduce insomnia and restless leg syndrome, whereas globus pallidus internus (GPi) and ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) targets show less clear sleep benefits. For HD, preliminary data suggests that GPi stimulation may improve motor symptoms, though effects on sleep are largely unknown. Overall, DBS demonstrates promise as a novel approach for mitigating sleep disturbances in neurodegenerative disorders. However, current evidence is limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneity of study designs, and insufficient long-term data. Larger, controlled trials are needed to clarify its efficacy, mechanisms, and optimal targets.
Deep brain stimulation, neurodegenerative disease, sleep disorders.
Chemical Medicines and Biopharmaceuticals in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease caused by autoimmunity that results from a series of almost lifelong processes. Over decades, researchers have studied its cause and risk factors and many types of drugs for treating RA have been developed and approved. This article provides a comparative analysis of chemically synthesized disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (sDMARDs) and biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). While both aim to alleviate inflammation and prevent joint damage, their mechanisms of action differ significantly. sDMARDs broadly suppress immune cell activity, whereas bDMARDs target specific cytokines or pathways with higher selectivity. Clinical studies indicate that bDMARDs generally offer a faster onset of action, but long-term efficacy is comparable to sDMARD-based therapies. Safety profiles also diverge, with sDMARDs posing greater risks of organ toxicity, particularly hepatotoxicity, while bDMARDs increase susceptibility to infections and potential malignancies. Economic evaluations highlight the lower cost and higher accessibility of sDMARDs, solidifying their role as first-line treatments, despite the clinical advantages of bDMARDs and faster response rate.
Rheumatoid arthritis, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, synthetic DMARDs, biologic DMARDs.
Fracture Development Characteristics in the Yichuan Area, Southeastern Ordos Basin
To thoroughly investigate the reservoir space conditions and seepage pathway characteristics controlling hydrocarbon accumulation in the Yichuan area, southeastern Ordos Basin, this study focuses on the fracture development in this region. Based on field measurement, observation and description of geological outcrops, combined with the analysis results of regional geological setting, the stages, properties and formation processes of fracture activities in the area were analyzed. The results show that: three sets of fractures are predominantly developed in the sandstone strata of the Zhifang Formation near the Hukou Waterfall, among which the NNE-trending fractures are extremely well-developed, while the NEE- and NWW-trending fractures are only sporadically distributed locally; two sets of fractures are mainly developed in the sandstone strata of the Chang 8 Member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the eastern part of Yichuan County, where the NWW-trending fractures are highly developed, and the NNW-trending fractures are rarely observed, mostly being derivative fractures. This difference indicates that fracture development is not only controlled by the regional tectonic stress field, but also closely related to the lithologic assemblage, thickness and sedimentary environment of specific strata. These findings not only deepen the understanding of the fracture development characteristics and genetic mechanisms in the Yichuan area, southeastern Ordos Basin, but also provide important geological basis for reservoir evaluation and prediction in hydrocarbon exploration and development of this region.
Thermal Deformation Analysis of Bionic Bee Wing Groove Dry Gas Seal
In order to solve the problems of insufficient opening force and insufficient stability of end face lubrication under the condition of frequent start and stop of dry gas seal or medium and low speed, a bionic bee wing groove dry air seal was designed and studied. Different from the traditional spiral groove, the WIHS bee wing structure is divided into main wings and auxiliary wings, forming a double-wide channel inlet design, through the double-wide channel inlet and narrow groove root, it can form a more stable air film during operation. The finite element method was used to analyze the thermal deformation and force deformation of the WIHS model imitation bee wing trough texture of silicon carbide material, and the waviness and taper deformation of the sealing end face were studied, and the following key conclusions were drawn: under the influence of thermal deformation, the waviness deformation of the WIHS model showed a three-period approximate chord function transformation law, and the taper deformation showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, and there were different degrees of taper deformation in the inner and outer diameters of the moving ring, and the taper deformation of the outer diameter was greater. Under the influence of force deformation, the amplitude of the waviness deformation is relatively stable, but the total deformation is larger, and the taper deformation increases first and then decreases from the inner diameter to the outer diameter.
Pharmacological Mechanisms and Clinical Efficacy of TAS-102 in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the third most common cancer diagnosis and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally; meanwhile, its patient population is primarily concentrated in the age group of 60 years and older. For now, the research about anticarcinogens against CRC already had magnificent results; among the findings, TAS-102 with its concomitant treatments was one of the most useful medicines, but it still needs to be improved. This review analyzes the latest research to elucidate the pharmacological mechanism of TAS-102 and compares the clinical data from different combination therapies to conclude with current achievements and future directions. In comprehensive words, TAS-102 plus panituzumab is the most effective TAS-102 combination treatment available, and the problems most urging to be resolved are optimising toxicity control and improving precision in patient selection. Against the backdrop of worldwide aging, this essay aims to provide a comprehensive review for researchers fresh to related topics and inform them of the importance of unsolved problems such as reducing the side effects and improving drug formulation.
Colorectal cancer; pharmacological mechanism; TAS-102.
The Mechanism and Coping Strategies of Sleep Disturbance during Perimenopause
Many women suffer from menopausal symptoms, especially the sleep disturbances, which is harmful to health and living standard. This review aims to provide the information about mechanism of how lacking estrogen and progesterone affects the sleeping quality. Estrogen can control body temperature, regulation of cortisol and depression and progesterone have impact on nervous system and breathing. Those impacts play pivotal role in sleeping quality, so that understanding the mechanism is extremely useful for establishing effective treatment. Also, the review provides the corresponding treatment, including hormone therapy, CBTI, and aerobic exercise. Overall, hormone therapy supplies the deficient hormone directly, which is the most effective method for treating perimenopausal sleep disorders, CBTI is a non-pharmacological approach, and aerobic exercise offers additional benefits for sleep and general health. Further research is warranted to compare the results of different treatments in the long term and to make some plans for more Individualized treatment which can be more effective and lead to better outcomes.
Sleep disturbance; Perimenopause; Estrogen; Progesterone.
Regulation of neuroinflammatory signaling pathway in neurodegenerative diseases
Neuroinflammation directly drives neuronal damage through chronic inflammatory microenvironment, and plays a key regulatory role in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Microglia perceive pathological stimuli through classical pathways such as TLR/NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammatory corpuscles and cGAS-STING, and release pro-inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species, thus forming a vicious cycle of "inflammation-degeneration". Different NDDs present disease-specific activation patterns: Aβ activates NF-κB and NLRP3 pathways through TLR/TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease (AD); In Parkinson's disease, α -synuclein triggers MAPK cascade through TLR2; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis highlights the role of cGAS-STING pathway in sensing cytoplasmic DNA. Multi-channels construct a cooperative regulatory network through positive feedback loop and cross-dialogue, such as the self-strengthening cycle promoted by NF-κB and NLRP3, and the polarization of M1 microglia driven by metabolic reprogramming, which leads to uncontrolled and chronic inflammatory reaction.
neuroinflammatory signaling pathway; neurodegenerative diseases; TLR; NF-κB; NLRP3; TLR; TREM2.
Applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 System in Clinical Diagnostic Techniques
The CRISPR/Cas9 system, originating from the adaptive immune mechanisms of bacteria and archaea, has become a revolutionary tool in gene editing and molecular diagnostics due to its high specificity, programmability, and trans-cleavage activity. This systematic review examines the current applications and developmental trends of this system in clinical diagnostics, focusing on its coupling strategies with various isothermal amplification techniques (such as NASBA and EXPAR). It elaborates in detail on...The principles and performance characteristics of multiple diagnostic technologies, including NASBACRISPR Cleavage, CAS-EXPAR, Paired dCas9, and nanopore-based targeted sequencing (nCATS). Research indicates these methods demonstrate high sensitivity, strong specificity, and rapid response advantages in pathogen detection (e.g., Zika virus, Staphylococcus aureus), tumor gene mutation screening, genetic disease diagnosis, and pharmacogenomics analysis. Although challenges remain, including sensitivity dependence on preamplification, PAM sequence limitations, and interference from clinical sample matrices, this technology holds significant potential for advancing molecular diagnostics towards portability, low cost, and point-of-care implementation.
CRISPR/Cas9 system; Cas9 protein; gene editing; isothermal amplification; clinical diagnostic technology.
Yeast-Based Therapeutic Platforms for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that represents a growing global health crisis. Existing treatments provide only limited symptomatic relief and fail to stop or reverse disease progression. Therapeutic peptides and proteins such as Anticalin and neprilysin (NEP) show great potential to target the underlying mechanisms of AD by binding, degrading, or preventing the aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and Tau proteins. Yet, large-scale production of biologics in mammalian cell systems is costly and restricts global accessibility. Yeast-based cell factories, especially Pichia pastoris, provide a promising alternative, combining scalability, cost-effectiveness, and safety. Through synthetic biology, fermentation optimization, and protein stabilization, yeast platforms can produce therapeutic peptides at high yield and low cost. This paper discusses the pathology of AD, the therapeutic potential of peptides, strategies for expression in yeast, and the opportunities and challenges in applying microbial systems to neurodegenerative disease treatment. Future perspectives, including CRISPR-based yeast engineering, AI-assisted protein design, and novel delivery methods, are also discussed. Yeast cell factories thus offer a pathway toward affordable peptide-based treatments for AD, bridging the gap between laboratory research and clinical application.
Alzheimer’s Disease; Therapeutic peptides; CRISPR; yeast engineering; AI-assisted protein design.
Advances In Ultrasound Transducer Technologies for Portable Medical Imaging: A Comparative Review of Piezoelectric, CMUT, And Optical Approaches
Ultrasonic imaging is a cornerstone of modern medical diagnostics. Although Piezoelectric Materials Ultrasound Transducers (PMUT) are well-established, their performance limitations—particularly in sensitivity and adaptability—become apparent as medical devices trend towards miniaturization and portability. In response, emerging technologies such as Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUT) and optical ultrasound transducers have emerged as promising alternatives. Optical ultrasound transduction, in particular, combines the high contrast of optical imaging with the deep penetration of ultrasound, representing a significant direction for future development. This review systematically compares three principal types of medical ultrasound probes: piezoelectric, CMUT, and optical. It elaborates on their fundamental operating principles, internal architectures, and respective advantages. A comparative analysis is presented to evaluate their performance, leading to a discussion on the future trajectory of ultrasound probe technology, with a specific focus on their integration into wearable and handheld devices. The ultimate goal of this review is to bridge the gap between novel transducer principles and practical clinical application, thereby contributing to the advancement of a new generation of portable diagnostic imaging.
Ultrasound transducer; piezoelectric transducer; Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT); Optical ultrasound probe; Handheld ultrasound device (HHUD).
Application and Prospect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Field of Skin
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic multipotent cells with fibroblast like morphology and self-renewal abilities. MSCs exhibit both immunomodulatory and paracrine signaling properties which are beneficial for the fields of skin regeneration and rejuvenation. Specifically, in the process of wound healing, MSCs inhibit excess immune activities and secrete growth factors and cytokines that aid all four stages of injury recovery. Its abundance in bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord tissue allow harmless extractions, and its immunomodulatory property also made allogeneic sources of MSCs practical in clinical settings. In skin aging, there are two main ways that the skin ages, intrinsically and extrinsically. Both routes result in an ECM that breaks down faster that it is regenerated, which induces in the formation of wrinkles, roughness, enlarged pores, and reduced elastic recoil. MSCs can be applied through the various growth factors that synthesize collagen I/III and elastin which strengthens the ECM and anti-inflammatory mediators that reduce activator proteins that breaks down ECM. The extracellular vesicles derived from MSCs further support cell regeneration. The application of MSCs in the field of skin rejuvenation holds many potentials for growth in the new future, especially in standardizing MSC products and protocols, promoting personalized MSC-based skin care, and ensuring ethical sourcing and safety assurance of MSCs.
Mesenchymal stem cells, skin regeneration, immunomodulation, wound healing, antiaging. cosmetic dermatology.
Chronic Stress as A Catalyst for Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer’s Disease: Integrating Neuroendocrine, Neuroinflammatory, And Gut-Brain Axis Mechanisms
Chronic stress is an increasingly recognized, pivotal modifiable risk factor for accelerating cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. This review systematically synthesizes evidence from the past decade (2015–2025) on the underlying mechanisms and emerging interventions. We delineate how chronic stress triggers a cascade of events, beginning with the sustained activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to glucocorticoid dysregulation. This, in turn, directly promotes the core pathologies of AD: amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation. Concurrently, stress induces microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and disrupts the gut-brain axis, exacerbating neuronal damage through systemic and central inflammatory responses. In terms of intervention, promising strategies include pharmacological approaches like the glucocorticoid receptor modulator dazucorilant, natural compounds such as quercetin, and non-pharmacological strategies encompassing specific probiotics, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and multidomain lifestyle interventions. Integrating these multimodal strategies, which target the neuroendocrine, inflammatory, and gut-brain pathways, holds substantial promise for delaying AD onset and mitigating its progression.
Chronic stress, Alzheimer’s disease, HPA axis, Neuroinflammation, Gut–brain axis, Glucocorticoid, Microbiota.
Neural Mechanisms in Music Therapy for Language Disorder Intervention
This study investigates how music therapy helps treat language disorders. It examines the neural mechanisms behind this process. Music and language share some neural processing networks. This paper explore these shared pathways and their clinical relevance. This paper also discuss the future potential and challenges of music therapy. This paper reviewed 25 relevant studies from Google Scholar and CNKI published between 2004 and 2025. Keywords included neurolinguistics, music therapy, and language disorders. Results show that music therapy improves language function. This improvement relies on brain regions such as Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area. These regions are involved in both music and language processing. Techniques such as Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) and Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS) activate shared neural networks. They promote neuroplasticity. Music also triggers semantic processing. This provides neurobiological support for music therapy. Music therapy is a promising and scientifically supported intervention for language rehabilitation. Future studies should develop more culturally adapted and precise treatment plans.
Music Therapy; language disorders; Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT); Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS); neuroplasticity.
CD19 And CD22 Dual-Target CAR-T Therapy Via CRISPR/Cas9 Engineering for Relapsed B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Relapsed/refractory(B-cell)acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R (B-ALL) remains the most recalcitrant hematologic malignancy owing to clonal divergence and therapy resistance, and also due to antigen escape, which is a very intransigent challenge. Though it was successful for many in achieving remission, CD19-directed CAR-T cell therapy can relapse due to loss or modulation of the antigen. Dual-targeted CAR-T targeting CD19 and CD22 is now an option to avoid escape and expand the tumor area that is covered. At the same time, CRISPR / Cas9 gene modification can give us another way to make CAR-T safer and get better results, as well as to raise its duration and scale. This paper includes up-to-date information about childhood B-ALL epidemiology and treatment, information about recent progress of CAR-T, and problems associated with the single antigen approach. It investigated the design principles for CD19/CD22 dual-target CARs, contrasted conventional gene transfer methods against the CRISPR variety, then provided a rundown of current-day-to-day research. Lastly, there are the strengths, limitations, and future directions of the combination of the double-target strategy and CRISPR in R-ALL. And these approaches take us on a map forward to a long-term, right, and achievable immunotherapeutic approach that a lot more people can have a whole bunch of things that they don't have a lot of cures for.
CAR-T, CD19, CD22, CRISPR/Cas9, B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
Research Status of Multimodal Medical Image Fusion In AI-Assisted Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
As the global population ages, the socioeconomic burden caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rising. Existing clinical interventions mostly focus on delaying the course of the disease and lack support for the accuracy and timeliness of early diagnosis, which has become a key bottleneck restricting the prevention and treatment of AD. This study aims to explore the application value of multi-modal medical image fusion technology in the early diagnosis of AD under the guidance of artificial intelligence (AI), and to verify its advantages and feasibility compared with single-modal imaging diagnosis. The research will integrate multi-modal imaging data such as structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and complete the extraction, matching and fusion of image features through AI models such as convolutional neural networks (CNN) or Transformer to build an early diagnosis model for AD; and use clinically confirmed AD high-risk groups (patients with mild cognitive impairment) and healthy controls as the research subjects If this study proves feasible, it can provide efficient and accurate technical support for early AD screening, thereby providing a new practical path for delaying the course of the disease and reducing social costs.
Alzheimer's disease; artificial intelligence; multimodal medical imaging; medical image fusion.
Circuit Design and System Integration of Glucose Biosensor Based on Piezoelectric Effect
Piezoelectric biosensors have become a new frontier in non-invasive and real-time glucose monitoring, providing an alternative to finger-pricking procedures that are unsatisfactory due to their inconvenience, pain, and costs. This paper presents multiple facets of the working principles, mechanisms of signal transduction, and approaches to system integration. The fundamental operational principles of piezoelectric materials are explained through the constitutive equations that describe the interconversion between mechanical stress and electric displacement. The transduction mechanisms translating surface interactions into electrical signals is facilitated by the Sauerbrey and Kanazawa-Gordon relations, linking mass loading and fluid properties to frequency shifts in quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). Subsequent works involving surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors and the use of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) demonstrate the vastness of modes of piezoelectric signal conversion. The paper also addresses the electronic design and whether it improves the stability and amplification defines weak piezoelectric output through the Butterworth-Van Dyke equivalent circuit and charge amplifier. Collective improvements in surface chemistry, selective recognition, and circuit design can enhance sensitive, stable, and portable piezoelectric glucose biosensors. Cumulatively these advances represent the trajectory of practical, wearable, clinical glucose monitoring devices.
Piezoelectric effect, glucose detection, system integration.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Cardiomyocytes in Drug Development: Model Construction, Applications, And Future Perspectives
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity remains one of the major causes of failure or withdrawal of candidate compounds in development. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) offer a promising human-relevant in vitro platform to assess cardiac safety, enabling disease modeling, patient-specific studies, and high-throughput screening. This research summarizes current strategies for constructing iPSC-CM models, including differentiation protocols and maturation methods; this research outlines the general workflow of cardiotoxicity testing and describe in detail key functional assessments: electrophysiological, contractility, structural, metabolic, and population-level. This research also discusses the advantages and the remaining challenges (e.g. immaturity, phenotypic variability, cost, lack of standardization) and highlight possible solutions. Combined maturation strategies including long-term culture with mechanical and electrical stimulation have improved outcomes. Collaborative consortia are also increasingly promoting the process for eventual regulatory acceptance. This research aims to present future perspectives for improving predictive power and facilitating translation into clinical applications.
iPSC-CM; cardiotoxicity; electrophysiology; high-throughput screening.
The Progress of Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma Treatment
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that is considered aggressive and with high metastatic capabilities. The invention of checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized the approaches to treating melanoma by enhancing anti-tumor immunity and improving survival rates for patients. The first checkpoint inhibitor was approved by the FDA in 2011, targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1, and has shown promising response and provided better quality of life compared to traditional therapies such as chemotherapies. On the other hand, the clinical usage of checkpoint inhibitors is hindered by the development of resistance and immune-related toxicities. Researchers are focusing on novel checkpoint targets that could potentially overcome the current challenges, such as LAG-3 and TIGIT, which can restore cytotoxic T-cell function and enhance immune surveillance. These next-generational immunotherapy targets embrace the potential to achieve more durable control of melanoma while reducing adverse effects and resistance, marking a next step toward a more effective cancer treatment for melanoma.
Checkpoint Inhibitors, Melanoma, Treatment.
Electrophysiological Features of Late-Stage Language Processing in Patients with Schizophrenia
Language deficits are a prominent feature of schizophrenia. The Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) is a technique used to investigate neural mechanisms of language processing. Most studies suggest ERPs components of late-stage language processing are abnormal in patients with schizophrenia. This study systematically reviews the electrophysiological features of late-stage language processing in patients with schizophrenia. The N400 amplitude in patients with schizophrenia is usually lower than that of normal individuals, and they are unable to effectively integrate semantics. At the same time, the P600/LPC waveforms of the relevant patients show a situation similar to that of the N400. Both reduced amplitudes of the N400, P600, and LPC components and delayed latencies of the N400 and LPC are abnormally delayed in patients with schizophrenia suggest that patients with schizophrenia exhibit systematic impairments in late-stage language processing. This review provides a theoretical basis for further exploration of the EEG characteristics of language processing in patients with schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia, ERPs, Semantic processing.
An Analysis of The Mandarin-Speaking Children with High-Functioning Autism’s Competence Deficit in Metaphor and Metonymy
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a typical neurogenic disorder that manifests in children.The symptoms mainly affect the social communication skills, as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Compared to the typically developing (TD) children, the largest difference of High-Functioning Autism (HFA) children is pragmatic inference abilities when they use languages. Based on this, the aspects of metaphor and metonymy, the two vital approaches of human cognitive capabilities and the creativity of language may serve as a potential solution helping both HFA and ASD children to overcome social impairments. This research aims at concluding the competence deficit of HFA children whose first language is Chinese in two important rhetorical devices, metaphor and metonymy. Moreover, the author tries to give advice on improving methods of those children’s insufficient abilities the article finds. Furthermore, the author also attempts to provide feasible improvement methods for the children's ability deficiencies discovered in the existing research. By means of studying the brain regions involved in metaphor and metonymy, promoting more efficient therapies for enhancing the pragmatic abilities of children with HFA is promising.
Metaphor; metonymy; ASD children; HFA children; intervention methods.
Application of HGF-Based Liver Injury Repair in TACE Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Trans arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a widely used interventional therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which combines localized chemotherapy and embolization to block tumor blood supply while delivering chemotherapeutic agents directly to tumor cells. It reduces tumor volume, and prolongs patient survival. However, it may cause acute liver injury due to ischemic insult and chemotherapeutic toxicity. To preserve structural integrity failure rapid restoration of hepatocyte function post-TACE and inhibition of fibrosis in non-tumor liver tissue is of great importance. Currently, no standardized treatment exists for TACE-induced liver damage, and symptom-based whose effects are limited. This study explores the therapeutic potential of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in promoting liver repair post-TACE. HGF, secreted primarily by Kupffer and stellate cells, binds to the c-Met receptor, activating key pathways such as ERK and AKT, which drive hepatocyte proliferation and suppress fibrogenesis. Exogenous HGF enhances regenerative processes while synergizing with cytokines such as EGF, VEGF, and IL-6. Preclinical evidence supports its role in improving liver regeneration rates. Although HGF poses potential pro-tumor risks, combination strategies with c-Met inhibitors or timed sequential administration may mitigate oncogenic signaling. Thus, adjunctive HGF therapy represents a promising approach to facilitate liver recovery after TACE.
TACE, HGF, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver repair.
Extrusion Bioprinting of β-TCP Scaffolds: A Platform for Dental Pulp Stem Cell Osteogenesis
Autologous bone grafting is a widely used method for the bone defect repair. However, there are still several clinical limitations, such as insufficient donor sites and the requirements for secondary surgery to harvest bone material. Allogeneic bone grafting may induce host immune rejection. Extrusion-based 3D printing has the capacity of precise manufacturing, controllable scaffold structures, providing highly customized repair solutions for bone tissue engineering and significantly advancing personalized medicine. Biomaterial scaffolds play a crucial supporting role in bone tissue engineering. For instance, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) not only exhibits Oste inductive properties and excellent biocompatibility but also creates a suitable microenvironment for cell adhesion and osseointegration. Moreover, due to their multipotent differentiation potential, particularly their exceptional osteogenic differentiation capacity, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have worked as one of the most extensively studied cell sources. The integration of extrusion-based 3D printing with β-TCP scaffolds enables the behavior of DPSCs to be directed in a controlled manner, generating a multi-level synergistic enhancement effect during bone defect repair.
Extrusion-based 3D printing, β-TCP biostructure, DPSCs.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Pathogenesis, Treatment Modalities, and Underlying Mechanisms
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by synovial inflammation, progressive joint damage, and systemic manifestations. Around eighteen million people worldwide were living with RA in 2019, and the global incidence is estimated at 0.24%–1% of the population. While the disease most commonly develops in adults in their 60s—likely reflecting cumulative immune system changes and environmental exposures—it can also present much earlier, including in middle-aged or young adults. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of RA, focusing on its pathological mechanisms and current treatment approaches. The pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of genetic susceptibility, immune dysregulation, and environmental triggers. Treatment strategies, including disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic agents, and emerging therapies, are also discussed in relation to their mechanisms of action. By elucidating the connections between RA pathology and treatment principles, this review aims to enhance understanding for researchers, clinicians, and patients, supporting improved disease management and patient outcomes.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Pathogenesis, Treatment, Mechanisms.
Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Targeted Treatment of Gastric Cancer
In recent years, gastric cancer, a highly prevalent and lethal malignant tumor worldwide, remains a key focus of medical research. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) offers unique advantages in cancer prevention and treatment, particularly in its holistic approach and syndrome differentiation. This article systematically reviews the theoretical basis of TCM's "strengthening the body's resistance, dispelling pathogenic factors, and harmonizing yin and yang" approach to treating gastric cancer. Integrating this with modern research findings, we summarize the mechanisms of action of TCM monomers (such as curcumin) and compound formulas in targeted gastric cancer therapy. Studies have shown that TCM, through its multi-target and multi-pathway mechanisms, not only delays gastric cancer progression but also provides new adjuncts to modern precision medicine. However, analyses have revealed that the complex composition of TCM, the difficulty in targeting targets, and the variability in preparation processes remain major challenges in its clinical application. Overall, the application of TCM in the targeted treatment of gastric cancer holds significant theoretical and clinical significance. Future research is needed to strengthen the mechanisms of action of active ingredients, optimize preparation processes, and promote the deep integration of TCM with modern medicine, thereby providing new avenues for the development of novel, highly effective, and low-toxic anticancer drugs.
Traditional Chinese medicine; targeted treatment; gastric cancer.