Discuss and Envision the Immunotherapy Potential based on NK Cell to Treat COVID-19

Jinhan Meng

doi:10.54097/nehtjy98

Authors

Jinhan Meng

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54097/nehtjy98

Keywords:

Novel Coronavirus, COVID-19, NK Cell, Immunotherapy

Abstract

Corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19), caused by SARS-COV-2, has posed a tremendous threat to humans and public health worldwide. When faced with viral infection, our immune systems need to achieve a precise balance to eliminate the pathogen. In most cases, however, this balance is disturbed and then further distorted by viral infection. As an indispensable part in innate immune system, NK cells play a pivotal role in immune defense, immune surveillance, and immune homeostasis. Furthermore, NK cells showcase an effective capability of lysing virally infected cells and regulating immune responses. It has been demonstrated that COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms manifest a reduction in NK cell number as well as its function, which contributes to decreased clearance of infected cells. Restoration of NK cells have the potential to calibrate this delicate balance entailed to eliminate SARS-COV-2 infection. Based on current clinical studies, the immunopathologies of COVID-19 patients are summarized in this article. In addition, NK cell immune responses to COVID-19, factors concerning the immune responses of NK cell, and relevant feasible immunotherapies are also reviewed.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Hou Xiaojun, Yang Min Research progress on the potential application of NK cell immunotherapy in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 [J]. Advances in Microbiology and Immunology, 2021, 49 (01): 60-64.

Fan Xiaole, Wang Ping, Wu Bingyi, et al. Discussion and prospect of natural killer (NK) cell therapy for novel coronavirus infected pneumonia [J]. Journal of Cell and Molecular Immunology, 2020,36 (05): 457-461.

TOMAIPITINCA L, RUSSO E, BERNARDINI G. NK cell surveillance of hematological malignancies. Therapeutic implications and regulation by chemokine receptors [J]. Mol Aspects Med,2021,80: 100968.

ALHAJJAT A M, REDDEN C R, LANGEREIS M, et al. CD4 and IL-2 mediated NK cell responses after COVID-19 infection and mRNA vaccination in adults [J]. Immunobiology, 2023, 228(1): 152304.

OSUNA-ESPINOZA K Y, ROSAS-TARACO A G. Metabolism of NK cells during viral infections [J]. Front Immunol, 2023, 14: 1064101.

VAN EEDEN C, KHAN L, OSMAN M S, et al. Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction and Its Role in COVID-19 [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(17).

BI J. NK cell dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 [J]. Cell Mol Immunol, 2022, 19(2): 127-129.

ZHENG M, GAO Y, WANG G, et al. Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients [J]. Cell Mol Immunol, 2020, 17(5): 533-535.

Xie Ling, Cheng Feng, Gong Guofu. The effect of Mg~(2+) level on the function of CD8~+T lymphocytes and NK cells in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia [J]. Journal of Hainan Medical College, 2021,27 (01): 1-5.

MANICKAM C, SUGAWARA S, REEVES R K. Friends or foes? The knowns and unknowns of natural killer cell biology in COVID-19 and other coronaviruses in July 2020 [J]. PLoS Pathog, 2020, 16(8): e1008820.

BJöRKSTRöM N K, PONZETTA A. Natural killer cells and unconventional T cells in COVID-19 [J]. Curr Opin Virol, 2021, 49: 176-182.

CARR A C. A new clinical trial to test high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19 [J]. Crit Care, 2020, 24(1): 133.

MAZZONI A, SALVATI L, MAGGI L, et al. Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent [J]. J Clin Invest, 2020, 130(9): 4694-4703.

JEYARAMAN M, MUTHU S, BAPAT A, et al. Bracing NK cell based therapy to relegate pulmonary inflammation in COVID-19 [J]. Heliyon, 2021, 7(7): e07635.

JEWETT A. The Potential Effect of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 on NK Cells; A Perspective on Potential Therapeutic Interventions [J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 1692.

QUATRINI L, DELLA CHIESA M, SIVORI S, et al. Human NK cells, their receptors and function [J]. Eur J Immunol, 2021, 51(7): 1566-1579.

BEAULIEU A M. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of memory NK cell responses [J]. Immunol Rev, 2021, 300(1): 125-133.

GHASEMZADEH M, GHASEMZADEH A, HOSSEINI E. Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: Whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice [J]. Hum Immunol, 2022, 83(1): 86-98.

YAN L, CAI B, LI Y, et al. Dynamics of NK, CD8 and Tfh cell mediated the production of cytokines and antiviral antibodies in Chinese patients with moderate COVID-19 [J]. J Cell Mol Med, 2020, 24(24): 14270-14279.

RAJARAM S, CANADAY L M, OCHAYON D E, et al. The Promise and Peril of Natural Killer Cell Therapies in Pulmonary Infection [J]. Immunity, 2020, 52(6): 887-889.