International Journal of Energy (IJE) is a peer-reviewed journal published by Darcy & Roy Press. The mission of the journal is to provide an academic forum for discussing the issues of energy across the world. All articles published are rigorously and fast reviewed meeting the Journal Quality standards.
Recent Advances in the Applications of MXene Quantum-Dots for Biosensing
MXene quantum dots (MQDs) are a burgeoning novel material that stands out for its excellent physicochemical properties. It is especially effective in serving as biosensing materials. It can be utilized as a biomarker for health conditions or as a marker for remnant chemical composites. Recently, there have been a great deal of advancements in the development of MGDs. It is requisite to recapitulate the progress achieved, providing a systematic summary of recent developments. This paper systematically reviews the latest applications of MQDs in biosensing. MQDs are used to detect metabolites and disease biomarkers through electrochemical, conventional fluorescent, and ratiometric fluorescent strategies, enabling sensitive detection of all sorts of biomarkers. In addition, MQD-based fluorescent and ratiometric fluorescent sensors are applied to monitor environmental pollutants and food contaminants. Modification strategies, including elemental doping, noble metal loading, and nanocomposite superposition, significantly improve the sensitivity and selectivity of sensors. Despite remarkable progress, challenges including large-scale synthesis, biocompatibility, and device portability still exist. Refinement can be made, such as optimizing preparation methods, enhancing biocompatibility, and promoting clinical transformation. This review offers a thorough reference for the design and future development of MQD-based biosensors.
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Application of Graphene Separator in Different Battery Systems
The rapid development of the new energy industry has raised higher demands on battery safety and energy density. As a physical barrier between the positive and negative electrodes, the diaphragm's performance directly determines the batteries’ cyclic lifespan and safety margins. The current commercial diaphragms have obvious deficiencies in thermal stability, electrolyte wettability, and mechanical strength. Graphene, with its two-dimensional layered structure, high mechanical strength, and excellent thermal stability, has become a research hotspot for modified membranes. This article outlines the mechanism of action and application progress of graphene-modified separators in different battery systems. In lithium-ion batteries, a graphene coating can enhance the thermal stability and ion conductivity of the separator, thereby improving the battery's cycling performance and safety. In lithium metal batteries, using heteroatom-doped or surface-functionalized graphene separators can effectively inhibit lithium dendrite growth and improve coulombic efficiency. In lithium-sulfur batteries, the graphene functional layer effectively alleviates capacity degradation caused by the shuttle effect through the synergistic action of physical sieving, chemical adsorption, and catalytic transformation. The article finally points out the main bottlenecks currently faced in this field and the directions for future research.
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Harmful Blooms in Coastal China and Their Relationship with Sea Surface Temperature
There are serious ecological problems of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the coastal areas of China. Based on the China Marine Disaster Bulletin (2014-2023) and concurrent sea surface temperature (SST) data, this paper studies the interannual fluctuations and spatial distributions of harmful algal bloom (HAB) frequency and cumulative area, and investigates their relationship with SST. Based on the above results, HABs have been relatively frequent over the past decade and have shown two peaks in 2016 and 2021. The East China Sea is the main hotspot, with the highest proportion in both occurrence (52.2%) and affected area (69.3% in 2023). The Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and South China Sea have lower HAB activity due to different nutrient loads and hydrodynamic conditions. Correlation analysis shows that HAB indicators are weakly and insignificantly correlated with the annual mean SST (frequency: r=0.241, p=0.503; area: r=0.390, p=0.265). Therefore, SST is not a leading statistical factor for interannual variability of HABs in China's coastal waters.
Research Progress on Two-Dimensional Van der Waals Ferroelectric Materials
This article reviews the application of two-dimensional ferroelectric materials in next-generation high-performance storage and neuromorphic computing, summarizing how electronic doping can enhance the coercive field of sliding ferroelectric materials, thereby improving the stability and anti-interference capability of data storage. However, this article also points out the performance trade-offs it brings, such as the decrease in polarization intensity and the deterioration of crystal quality. Research has found that by using mechanical probe imprinting technology combined with a flexible substrate, it is possible to achieve bidirectional, reversible, and non-destructive polarization switching in ultrathin ferroelectric films, solving the longstanding problem that traditional methods could only switch in one direction. On this basis, this paper discusses the engineering challenges that constrain its commercialization process, such as maintaining a high signal-to-noise ratio in the output while improving storage stability, and converting the inefficient point-by-point probe operations into large-area parallel production techniques compatible with mainstream semiconductor processes.
Molecular Design, Crystallization Control, and Photoelectric Performance Comparison of High Mobility Organic Semiconductors
In recent years, organic semiconductors have shown broad application prospects in the fields of organic field effect transistor (OFET), organic photovoltaic (OPV), and organic light emitting devices (OLED) due to their adjustable molecular structure, flexible processing, and low cost. However, the contradiction between high mobility and excellent photoelectric performance is still the core problem restricting its development. Based on the research progress of typical organic semiconductor systems in recent years, this paper systematically analyzes the molecular design strategies, crystallization control methods, and the influence mechanism on photoelectric properties of high mobility organic semiconductors. In the theoretical part, the molecular structure characteristics, carrier transport mechanism, doping, and interface engineering principles of organic semiconductors are described. In the part of performance comparison, the mobility, luminous efficiency, and device performance of typical material systems are compared. According to previous studies, through molecular conjugate structure optimization, crystal orientation control and Interface Engineering collaborative design, the carrier mobility can be significantly improved and the photoelectric performance can be taken into account, which provides theoretical guidance for high-performance organic optoelectronic devices.
Optoelectronic Properties and Applications of MXene Quantum Dots
MXene quantum dots (MQDs), as an emerging class of zero-dimensional nanomaterials, possess the quantum confinement effect, tunable bandgap structure, and excellent optoelectronic properties. It shows broad application prospects in fields such as sensing detection, biomedicine, optoelectronic devices, and energy and environment. This article systematically reviews the crystal structure, surface functional group characteristics, and size effect of MQDs. The mainstream preparation methods, such as hydrothermal/solvent thermal treatment, were introduced. The optical properties, such as ultraviolet-visible light absorption, tunable fluorescence emission, and nonlinear optical response, as well as key photovoltaic performances such as photoelectric conversion, photothermal effect, and carrier transport, were systematically investigated. The paper mainly elaborates on the application progress of MQDs in fields such as fluorescence sensing, biological imaging and diagnosis, photodetectors, photocatalysis, and energy storage. This article analyzes the prominent challenges currently faced by MXene quantum dots and looks forward to their future directions, which can provide a systematic reference for the basic research and engineering application of MQDs.
Recent Advancements in Graphene Heterojunction Optoelectronic Devices, from Photodetection to Neuromorphic Computing
Graphene heterojunctions are new heterostructures with high transmittance, high carrier mobility, and effective separation of photogenerated carriers. This review is devoted to the mechanisms of interfacial charge transfer, trapping, and release, with a particular focus on their effect on photodetection and optoelectronic computing. To do this, these devices use photovoltaic, internal photoemission, and tunneling effects to get responsivity (R) and detectivity (D*) significantly higher than conventional detectors can provide. Graphene heterojunctions create memristive states in optoelectronic computing through nanostructuring. The mechanism behind it depends on the fact that carbon sp2 -sp3 hybridization is reversibly modulated by an applied external electric field, which works at small bias voltages (< 1 V). Such a low-voltage reversible hybrid control does not just provide the device with low-power computing features, but also allows the creation of biocompatible information systems. Graphene heterojunctions make possible the construction of artificial neural systems and have extensive future applications in various spheres of application, including consumer electronics.
Preparation, Design, and Applications of MXene-Based Microwave Absorbing Composites
With the rapid development of 5G/6G wireless communication technology, the issue of electromagnetic radiation pollution has become increasingly severe. The development of lightweight, thin, wideband, and high-efficiency microwave absorbing materials has become a major research focus. Transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXene), a class of two-dimensional materials, have garnered widespread research interest in electromagnetic wave absorption, benefiting from their high surface-to-volume ratio, superior metallic conductivity, and adjustable surface characteristics. This work provides a systematic review of the development of MXene fabrication methods, ranging from traditional fluorine-containing etching to eco-friendly fluorine-free routes, and elaborates on strategies to address impedance mismatch via covalent and non-covalent surface functionalization for tuning surface groups. The design strategies of two major optimization systems, namely magnetic material hybridization and dielectric material hybridization, are emphatically summarized. In addition, this paper summarizes the application status of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>MXene</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 等线; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 2.5pt; mso-text-raise: -2.5pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> in the fields of infrared stealth, thermal management, and supercapacitors, and analyzes the key issues existing in the current material systems. This review aims to provide a reference for the design and development of next-generation high-efficiency and intelligent MXene-based microwave absorbing devices, and points out that large-scale green preparation, enhanced oxidation resistance stability, and low-cost fabrication are the core research directions in the future.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Structural Engineering of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
Due to their unique layered atomic configuration, adjustable band structure, and excellent exciton physical properties, two-dimensional transition metal chalcogenides (TMDs) have shown great application potential in the fields of next-generation nanoelectronic devices, optoelectronic devices, and flexible catalysis, and have become the focus of materials science and condensed matter physics research in recent years. This paper systematically sorts out the key progress of TMDs in high-quality synthesis and multi-dimensional structure regulation in recent years. In terms of synthesis strategies, the efficiency optimization of mechanical stripping, the kinetic mechanism of salt-assisted growth in chemical vapor deposition (CVD), the atomic-level precision control of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and the advantages of the liquid phase method in large-scale preparation are discussed. In terms of structural regulation, the influence of layer-dependent energy band evolution on carrier transport, metal-semiconductor phase transitions brought about by phase structure engineering, and novel quantum physical properties induced by Van der Waals heterojunction and Mohr superlattice construction are deeply analyzed. Finally, this paper summarizes the current problems of large-area single crystal preparation stability, interface integration challenges, and process compatibility, and aims to clarify the research direction of high-quality TMD materials from laboratory preparation to industrial application in the future, to provide a reference for subsequent research in this field.
Challenges and Opportunities Facing Solid-State Electrolytes
Global energy demand is increasing. Environmental pollution and climate change are also becoming more serious. These problems make the development of energy storage batteries more important. These batteries need high energy density, better safety, and long cycle life. Liquid lithium-ion batteries are mature and widely used. However, they still have several problems. The electrolyte and electrodes may have clear side reactions during battery use. Liquid electrolytes are also easy to burn and easy to evaporate. These problems can reduce battery safety. In contrast, solid-state batteries use solid-state electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes. This change gives solid-state batteries good potential in safety, stability, and energy density. This paper focuses on solid-state electrolytes. It reviews the material features, performance advantages, main problems, and improvement methods of oxide, sulfide, polymer, and composite solid-state electrolytes. Different types of solid-state electrolytes have different properties. Oxide and sulfide electrolytes are inorganic solid-state electrolytes. They usually have good thermal stability and relatively high ionic conductivity. Polymer electrolytes have better flexibility. Composite electrolytes do a decent job of blending the strengths of organic and inorganic materials, but they still face some common issues. Their ionic conductivity may not be high enough, the interface resistance is often pretty large, and their stability is still somewhat limited. This study helps explain why different solid-state electrolytes perform the way they do, and it also offers some useful pointers for designing better materials and pushing solid-state battery development further.
The Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Chemical Wastewater by Functional Bacteria Immobilized on Agricultural Waste-Derived Biochar
Agricultural waste-based biochar has attracted significant attention in wastewater treatment due to its advantages such as low raw material cost, environmental friendliness, abundant active sites, and ease of modification. The combination of agricultural waste-based biochar and functional bacteria provides an optimized solution for the effective treatment of recalcitrant organic matter in chemical wastewater. As well as this paper systematically introduces the latest research progress in this technology, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the application of biochar-supported functional bacteria in the treatment of organic pollutants. This study analyzes the physicochemical properties of agricultural waste-based biochar and the degradation characteristics of functional bacteria, and summarizes the main immobilization methods and processes. Furthermore, it elucidates the immobilization and degradation mechanisms of biochar-supported functional bacteria and summarizes the key factors affecting degradation efficiency. In addition, it identifies problems and challenges such as biochar adsorption site saturation that urgently need to be addressed.
Decentralized Global Satellite Tracking Network: Leveraging Crowd-sourced Astronomical Observations and Machine Learning for Cost Effective Orbital Monitoring
With 50,000 current actively tracked objects in orbit and a clear upwards trajectory, especially as launch vehicle technologies improve, orbital density and the amount of assets in space is increasing, making space debris a more and more pressing issue. As active debris removal is difficult to make sustainable, active prevention through precise satellite tracking becomes necessary. While current ground based solutions are limited in update rate and are incredibly expensive making them hard to scale, this paper investigates the feasibility of a decentralized alternative where data gathered from a global network of amateur astronomers, classified using a machine learning model that automatically detects satellite trails in telescope imagery, providing position updates at higher frequency and lower costs than conventional systems. A ResNet-50 convolutional neural network was used for trail detection, trained on more than 11,000 images and achieving an overall accuracy of 98% and F1 score of 0.95 on a validation set demonstrating feasibility of use with a full network. A separate global network simulation using TLE orbital data modelling variations of a global network over a 48 hour period found that performance scaled almost linearly, with the best configuration of 50 stations globally and 5 observers at each station achieving an update rate more than 11x higher than the U.S. Space Force’s Space Surveillance Network baseline at a fraction of the cost. The results demonstrate both technical and economic viability of the decentralized network, with the potential to play a very meaningful role in preserving sustainable access to Earth orbit.
Preparation of Coal Slag Based Zeolite Molecular Sieves and Their Adsorption Performance for Carbon Dioxide
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) over-emission has been identified as a dominant driving factor for a series of global ecological problems, including global warming and sea level elevation. Accordingly, exploiting cost-effective and high-performance CO₂ adsorption materials has become a research topic with prominent practical application value. As a class of well-established high-efficiency adsorbents, zeolite molecular sieves have shown remarkable application prospects in the field of CO₂ capture. Nevertheless, traditional synthesis routes for zeolites generally suffer from drawbacks such as high raw material cost and cumbersome preparation procedures. To tackle the above limitations, this work selected bulk industrial solid waste coal slag as the primary feedstock. Sieving and acid leaching pretreatment procedures were implemented to effectively enrich the active silicon and aluminum components in the raw slag. With sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium aluminate (NaAlO₂) as auxiliary reagents, sodalite (SOD) zeolite molecular sieves were successfully fabricated via an alkali fusion coupled with hydrothermal synthesis approach. The influences of varying synthesis parameters on the crystalline structure, microscopic morphology and CO₂ adsorption capacity of the as-synthesized zeolites were systematically explored. Experimental results confirm that the proposed route can realize the high-value resource conversion of solid waste, and the obtained zeolite molecular sieves possess satisfactory CO₂ adsorption performance. This study provides a novel technical strategy and reference for the development of low-cost and sustainable carbon capture materials.
Overburden Failure and "Three-Zone" Development Patterns at the 13050 Working Face in Yunding Coal Mine
Taking the 13050 working face of Yunding Coal Mine as the engineering background, and addressing the practical issue that this working face, although not yet extracted, is subjected to disturbance from adjacent mining panels, with the overlying strata facing the risk of fracture and instability, this study systematically investigates the development characteristics and evolution patterns of the caved zone and water-conducting fracture zone in the mining-induced overburden through a combined approach of numerical simulation and field measurement. A two-dimensional model with a strike length of 800 m and a height of 400 m was established using the 3DEC discrete element numerical simulation software to simulate the stepwise excavation process of the working face, reproducing the complete evolutionary sequence of overburden failure from immediate roof caving and bed separation propagation to final stabilization. The simulation results indicate that the ultimate height of the caved zone ranges from approximately 13.7 to 15.8 m, while the height of the water-conducting fracture zone ranges from approximately 35.3 to 38.1 m. To verify the reliability of the simulation results, boreholes were arranged outside the stopping line of the tailgate, and borehole televiewer technology was employed to scan the fracture conditions of the rock mass. The vertical boundaries of the caved and fractured zones identified through field measurements align closely with the numerical simulation outputs. The study demonstrates that the conclusions derived from numerical simulation and field measurement mutually corroborate each other, proving that the numerical model can accurately characterize the spatial morphology of the overburden "three zones" under mining disturbance. The research findings provide a reliable geological basis for roof management, waterproof coal pillar design, and water hazard prevention during the subsequent safe extraction of this working face, and also offer reference for mining operations in similar geological conditions.
Influence Mechanism and Parameter Optimization of 40° Wedge-shaped Reaming Length on Mechanical Bearing Characteristics of Anchorage System
In deep roadways with soft surrounding rock, the anchorage section of conventional cylindrical rock bolts relies on the bonding and friction at the interface between the anchoring agent and the surrounding rock for load transfer, which is prone to issues such as localized stress concentration in the anchoring agent, rapid development of plastic damage in the surrounding rock, and interface debonding failure. These problems make it difficult for the ultimate anchoring force of the bolt to meet the support requirements under high in-situ stress conditions. This study systematically quantifies the coupling relationship among the 40° wedge-shaped reaming length, anchoring force, and surrounding rock damage. A three-dimensional bolt–anchoring agent–surrounding rock numerical model was established using ABAQUS. With the wedge-shaped reaming angle fixed at 40°, five groups of reaming length conditions—4 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm—were set up for uniaxial pull-out simulations to reveal the strengthening mechanism of 40° wedge-shaped reaming anchorage. The simulation results reveal that reaming length plays a significant role in modulating the mechanical state of the anchoring system. For short reaming lengths (4–6 cm), the reinforcement effect remained limited and the anchoring agent stress was highly localized near the wedge tip. In the medium range (8–10 cm), the stress within the anchoring agent became more evenly distributed over the anchorage length, while plastic damage in the surrounding rock remained dispersed and non-interconnected; under these conditions, the bolt anchoring force showed the largest improvement, exceeding that of conventional straight-hole bolting by more than 42%. Once the reaming length surpassed 10 cm, the plastic zone in the surrounding rock became interconnected and softened, and the incremental gain in anchoring force diminished markedly. Based on the mechanical response and overall load-bearing performance of the system, 10 cm is identified as the optimal reaming length for the 40° wedge-shaped configuration. These results provide a quantitative reference for designing high-pressure water-jet reaming parameters in deep soft-rock roadways.
The Impact of the New Energy Demonstration City Pilot Policy on Urban Green Total‑Factor Energy Efficiency: Evidence from China
With the continuous growth of total energy consumption, non‑fossil energy utilization and energy efficiency have become increasingly important for promoting high‑quality urban development. Policy instruments play a crucial role in improving regional energy efficiency. Based on panel data of 282 prefecture‑level cities in China from 2006 to 2023, this study first measures urban green total‑factor energy efficiency (GTFEE) using the super‑efficiency SBM model. Then, a difference‑in‑differences (DID) model is employed to examine the impact of the New Energy Demonstration City pilot policy on GTFEE. The empirical results show that: (1) The pilot policy significantly enhances urban green total‑factor energy efficiency. (2) By employing the super-efficiency SBM model to measure the green total-factor energy efficiency (GTFEE) of cities, this study evaluates the effectiveness of the new energy demonstration city policy. Furthermore, the mechanisms of its impact are verified through parallel trend tests and placebo tests, providing more targeted evidence for the precision adjustment and optimization of related policies. (3) The effects of the New Energy Demonstration City pilot policy on energy efficiency exhibit notable heterogeneity across cities.
A Low Leakage Current Quasi-Z-Source Photovoltaic Inverter for New Energy Mountain Agricultural Machinery
The quasi-Z-source photovoltaic inverter offers advantages such as eliminating the need for dead-time, effectively suppressing high-frequency common-mode leakage current, eliminating the need for a bulky isolation transformer, and improving DC voltage utilization by inserting shoot-through vectors to boost the DC bus voltage. In contrast, traditional bridge-type grid-connected inverters suffer from drawbacks including the need for dead-time, large high-frequency common-mode leakage current, the requirement for a bulky isolation transformer, and low DC voltage utilization. To address these deficiencies, this paper first proposes a low-leakage-current quasi-Z-source photovoltaic inverter structure suitable for new energy agricultural machinery in mountainous areas. Next, the circuit topology and modulation strategy are presented, and the operating modes as well as the common-mode leakage current are analyzed. The research then shows that the proposed inverter not only eliminates the need for dead-time and effectively suppresses high-frequency common-mode leakage current, but also avoids the use of a bulky isolation transformer while effectively boosting the DC bus voltage and improving the DC voltage utilization of the grid-connected inverter. Finally, circuit simulation experiments verify the correctness of the inverter design and theoretical analysis.
Historical Evolution, Stage Characteristics and Suggestions on China’s Low-Carbon Energy Policies
Energy serves as a fundamental material foundation for economic and social development. The low-carbon energy transition is a critical measure for China to achieve the "Dual Carbon" goal, advance ecological civilization construction, and ensure energy security. Along with economic growth and energy structure adjustment, China’s low-carbon energy policies have been gradually improved, forming a comprehensive policy system covering energy production, consumption, technology and institutional mechanisms. This paper sorts out the development course of China’s low-carbon energy policies, dividing it into four stages: initial germination, preliminary development, rapid advancement and in-depth improvement. By summarizing the core characteristics of policies at each stage, analyzing existing problems in policy implementation, and combining the requirements for high-quality energy development in the new era, this paper puts forward targeted policy suggestions.
A Transformer-based Domain Generalization Method for Equipment Remaining Useful Life Prediction
Remaining Useful Life (RUL) prediction is crucial for the maintenance decision-making and operational safety of nuclear power systems. However, neural-network-based RUL prediction methods that emerged in recent years face the risk of insufficient generalization when confronted with operating-condition drift caused by power generation peak-shaving, individual differences among components, and so on, which is inconsistent with the high-safety and high-reliability requirements of nuclear power. To address this problem, and also to break through the limitation of conventional domain adaptation methods that rely on target-domain data, this paper proposes a Transformer-based domain generalization method for RUL prediction of nuclear power equipment. The core ideas of the proposed model are “paired learning” and “paired querying.” During training, the model uses a cross-attention mechanism to pair-wise learn the positional correspondence between local monitoring signals and the global degradation history to which they belong. During inference, the model pairs the online-monitored local signal one by one with every historical global signal in the training set and queries them, and computes similarity weights based on the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm to obtain the final weighted prediction. Cross-domain generalization experiments on the C-MAPSS dataset show that the proposed method, without requiring any target-domain data, significantly outperforms multiple domain adaptation methods that do require target-domain data. This demonstrates that the extracted features, which embed positional information, possess stronger generalization capability and are well suited to nuclear-power scenarios with stringent safety and reliability requirements.
Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Sphingan Bioreactor Architecture Based on Cyber-Physical Fusion
Aiming at the problems of low degrading bacteria activity, difficult demulsification of emulsified oil, extensive process regulation, and weak working condition adaptability in traditional bioreactors for ship engine room oily wastewater, an intelligent bioreactor scheme integrating Cyber-Physical System (CPS), Sphingomonas-produced sphingan, and Microbial Electro-Fenton (MEF) coupled degradation is proposed. This reactor takes Sphingomonas as the core high-efficiency degrading strain, and uses sphingan biosurfactant produced by its metabolism to realize in-situ demulsification, solubilization and high-efficiency degradation of emulsified oil. A four-layer CPS closed-loop architecture of perception-transmission-decision-execution is adopted to regulate strain growth, gum production efficiency and MEF degradation working conditions in real time, coupling the first-stage Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) biodegradation and the second-stage Electro-Fenton (EF) advanced oxidation process. At the hardware level, the integration of Sphingomonas culture module, MEF reaction unit and CPS perception control hardware is completed; at the software level, modules for strain activity monitoring, gum production optimization and intelligent regulation of degradation process are developed. Performance test results show that the sphingan production of Sphingomonas in the reactor is stable, the demulsification rate of emulsified oil reaches 91.8%, the total oil pollution degradation rate reaches 93.42%, and the COD removal rate reaches 90.8%. The reactor can adapt to water quality fluctuations and achieve stable discharge up to standard.
Research on the Dynamic Regulation of Bacterial Contaminated Particulate Matter in Operating Rooms Using Turbulent Jet Devices
As the core operational venue in the healthcare system, the precise control of environmental parameters in operating rooms is crucial for ensuring surgical safety and reducing healthcare-associated infection risks. The rational airflow organization serves as the key mechanism for achieving refined environmental regulation in operating rooms. With continuously rising demands for surgical environments driven by advancements in medical technology, traditional airflow management methods have increasingly revealed limitations such as uneven temperature distribution and low pollutant removal efficiency, necessitating the introduction of novel technological solutions for optimization. The vortex-breaking jet device, leveraging its technical advantages in fluid vortex control, offers innovative approaches for optimizing operating room airflow. This study investigates the application of vortex-breaking jet devices in operating room airflow management, aiming to elucidate their mechanisms of influence on the surgical environment and provide a theoretical foundation for the design and optimization of operating room airflow systems.
As a key energy storage technology for addressing renewable energy integration and supporting the "dual-carbon" goals, Carnot Battery (Pumped Thermal Energy Storage, PTES) relies fundamentally on its heat and mass transfer efficiency for overall system performance and economic viability. This paper systematically reviews recent research progress in heat and mass transfer within Carnot Batteries, focusing on core areas such as system configuration optimization, selection of working fluids and thermal storage media, multi-scenario integration, and parameter optimization. Studies indicate that system performance can be significantly enhanced by introducing heat regeneration devices and optimizing cycle processes. For instance, a transcritical CO₂ cycle with regeneration achieved a comprehensive efficiency of 75.28%, while an integrated Heat Pump-ORC-Thermal Storage configuration exceeded 100% round-trip efficiency. Transcritical CO₂, R245fa, and mixed working fluids are preferred due to their superior thermodynamic properties. Rapeseed oil and phase change materials stand out for their cost-effectiveness and potential for increasing power density, respectively. Finally, current technical challenges are summarized, and future development prospects in integrated demonstration, material innovation, and multi-energy flow synergy are discussed, providing theoretical reference for the engineering application of this technology.
A Study on a Multifunctional Variable-Condition Heat Pump System for Mitigating Heat Stress in Deep Coal Mines and Utilizing Waste Heat
Against the backdrop of global climate change and the “dual carbon” strategy, mine waste heat—a low-grade energy source generated during coal mining—presents a key solution to addressing the conflicts between energy waste, environmental pollution, and production safety through its efficient recovery and utilization. Addressing issues such as high ventilation loads and waste of waste heat caused by high-temperature heat hazards in deep mines, existing research has largely focused on single technologies, lacking studies on multi-condition coupled systems. Based on this, this paper proposes a technical framework and engineering implementation path for a multifunctional, variable-condition mine waste heat heat pump system. The paper first analyzes the characteristics of deep-mine heat hazards and waste heat resources to clarify the necessity of system development; it then outlines the overall system architecture and proposes two technical pathways adapted to different exhaust air conditions; subsequently, it compares the core technical mechanisms and performance, and verifies the system’s feasibility through engineering case studies at the Hongliulin Coal Mine and Wanfu Mine; finally, it establishes selection criteria for mine waste heat technologies, forming a comprehensive system solution for multi-condition utilization of mine waste heat, thereby providing a reference for the large-scale and efficient utilization of mine waste heat resources.
Research Progress on Formation Drag Reducers for Pressure Reduction and Injection Enhancement in Oil Production
With the rapid increase in the exploitation of oil and gas resources, conventional oil and gas resources in most oil and gas fields in China are being depleted at an accelerating pace, and research on the exploitation of unconventional oil and gas resources has become a crucial approach to safeguarding national energy security. China is endowed with abundant low-permeability reservoir resources with great application potential, yet their exploitation is fraught with considerable challenges. Water injection into the formation is a routine practice during the exploitation of low-permeability reservoirs to maintain formation pressure and improve oil recovery efficiency. However, most low-permeability oilfields currently suffer from problems such as high water injection pressure and a high proportion of insufficient injection, which prevent the establishment of effective displacement in oil-water wells and lead to a sharp drop in formation pressure, consequently driving up the exploitation costs of low-permeability reservoirs. The application of suitable formation drag reducers for oil production in the exploitation process of low-permeability reservoirs can significantly reduce water injection pressure and enhance oil recovery efficiency. This paper aims to summarize and sort out the action mechanisms of pressure reduction and injection enhancement, the types of drag reducers, and the current research status of pressure reduction and injection enhancement. Furthermore, it proposes the development directions of drag reducers in the field of pressure reduction and injection enhancement, providing a certain technical reference for improving the exploitation efficiency of low-permeability oilfields.
Research Progress on Fe-Loaded Biochar for Promoting the Co-Combustion of Coke Breeze
Coke breeze remains an indispensable solid fuel in iron ore sintering and several high-temperature metallurgical combustion systems, but its high ignition temperature, poor burnout, and coupled CO/NOx emissions constrain clean and low-carbon utilization. Biochar derived from biomass is a promising partial substitute because of its renewable carbon origin, developed pore structure, and relatively high intrinsic reactivity. However, the rapid combustion of biochar, the large difference in mineral composition relative to coke breeze, and instability under harsh thermal conditions often limit its direct use. Fe loading provides a practical route to integrate fuel substitution with catalytic promotion. Recent studies on coal/biochar co-combustion, coke combustion catalysis, Fe-loaded char catalysts, and iron ore sintering indicate that Fe-loaded biochar can improve oxygen transfer, construct Fe-O-C interfacial active sites, accelerate the oxidation and gasification of carbon, and promote heterogeneous NO reduction while suppressing incomplete combustion. This review summarizes recent progress in feedstock selection, preparation methods, structure-property relationships, combustion and kinetic behavior, interfacial mechanisms, ash transformation, deactivation, and engineering prospects of Fe-loaded biochar for coke-breeze co-combustion. Particular attention is paid to the synergy among Fe redox cycles, alkali/alkaline-earth metals, and defect-rich carbon matrices. Finally, major knowledge gaps are identified, including the lack of in situ evidence under realistic heating rates, scale bridging from thermogravimetric tests to packed beds, and long-term stability evaluation in real metallurgical atmospheres.
Review of the Key Roles and Challenges of PV-CSP Generation Coupling under the Background of Carbon Neutrality
Solar photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) hybrid power plants integrate the advantages of both photovoltaic and solar-thermal power generation. This configuration enhances the stability of grid-connected output while simultaneously improving overall power generation efficiency and land-use effectiveness. To further explore the significance of PV/CSP coupling under the dual-carbon goals and to develop its unique strengths, this paper reviews the current research status of PV/CSP hybrid technologies and outlines potential future technological pathways. It’s aiming to provide theoretical references for subsequent studies in this field.
Effect of Electrolyte Surface Modification on the Cathode Performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising clean energy conversion devices, but their intermediate-temperature performance is severely limited by high polarization resistance, originating from sluggish cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics and insufficient electrolyte-cathode interfacial contact. Herein, a homogeneous YSZ rough layer was fabricated on the cathode side of 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolyte via spin-coating. Half-cells with La0.3Sr0.7Ti0.3Fe0.7O3-δ (LSTF) cathode were assembled, and their electrochemical performance was systematically investigated at 800 °C under 0.05 and 0.21 atm oxygen partial pressure. This modification significantly enlarges the interfacial contact area and extends triple phase boundaries, achieving a maximum 33.4% reduction in polarization resistance at 800 °C under 0.05 atm. The enhancement mainly stems from reduced charge transfer and oxygen adsorption/dissociation resistance, providing a facile low-cost route for intermediate-temperature SOFC cathode optimization.
Numerical Simulation of Progressive CO2 Injection for Improved Coalbed Methane Extraction and Carbon Sequestration
A numerical simulation-based comparative analysis was conducted to investigate the displacement and extraction performance of coalbed methane (CH4) under two CO2 injection strategies: direct injection and progressive staged injection. Results show that direct CO2 injection rapidly generates high-pressure zones, elevates reservoir pressure, and reduces permeability, leading to limited methane depletion and strong spatial heterogeneity in the extraction zone. In contrast, progressive CO2 injection integrates staged pressurization with pressure-relief extraction, effectively lowering reservoir pressure, maintaining higher permeability, and significantly expanding the CH4 extraction range. For both strategies, CH4 recovery and CO2 sequestration increased continuously with time; however, the progressive scheme achieved smoother and more efficient CH4 production while sustaining sequestration effectiveness. After 300 days of injection and extraction, the average CH4 content declined from 17.09 m3/t to 10.31 m3/t, yielding 1.69 × 105 m3 of recovered CH4 and 2.97 × 105 m3 of sequestered CO2. These findings demonstrate that progressive CO2 injection can simultaneously enhance coalbed methane recovery and CO2 geological storage, offering technical insights for efficient CBM development and mine gas control.
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Study of Expansion Force Distribution during Lithium-ion Battery Operation and Ageing
In the process of battery charge-discharge and long-term aging, a novel customized thin-film pressure sensor system was used to directly measure the swelling force of prismatic cells, providing insights into the electrode swelling mechanism inside lithium-ion batteries. Battery electrical performance data were obtained from cycle charge-discharge tests and capacity calibration tests conducted at every 50 aging cycles interval, while battery state of health data were collected over a total of 1000 cycles. Using a prismatic cell equipped with thin-film pressure sensors, key characterization parameters such as battery current, battery voltage, calibrated capacity discharged at 1C current, and the regional distribution of expansion force during charge-discharge in cycling aging were recorded. These data provide an understanding of the internal electrode swelling in prismatic cells and reveal the inherent coupling relationship among the state of charge, state of health, and the variation and distribution of expansion force. The published dataset offers a valuable resource for enhancing battery diagnostics and developing data-driven models to estimate state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH), which can be used for advanced battery safety monitoring and the construction of multi-feature fusion diagnostic models for battery failure. The provided data deepen the fundamental understanding of the variation mechanism of internal electrode expansion force in prismatic cells during operation and aging. Since data on electrode expansion force for the prismatic cell have not been publicly available, the provided dataset fills a gap in existing open data collections.
Application Value and Practical Reflection of High Voltage Test in Transformer Condition Evaluation System
In this paper, the mapping relationship between high voltage test items such as insulation resistance, dielectric loss, DC resistance, partial discharge and winding deformation test and transformer latent defects, overheating faults, mechanical deformation and weak insulation points is systematically sorted out, and the unique physical significance of high voltage test as "insulation mirror" and "structural stethoscope" is expounded. At the same time, the problems existing in current practice, such as multi-dimensional information fragmentation caused by data islands, time mismatch between fixed test period and dynamic evolution of equipment state, insufficient anti-interference ability in complex electromagnetic environment, and insufficient "fingerprint" feature mining of equipment by evaluation model, are deeply analyzed. On this basis, some improvement strategies are put forward, such as establishing a comprehensive diagnosis mechanism of multi-source data fusion, carrying out differentiated test strategy based on equipment health index, strengthening the anti-interference ability of field environment, introducing deep learning technology to improve fault prediction ability, and strengthening continuous monitoring and dynamic analysis of data, in order to promote the development of transformer condition evaluation in the direction of intelligence and accuracy.