Population Mobility and Migration in Villages/Villages in the Context of Rural Revitalization

: The rural revitalization strategy, since its introduction in the report of the 19th Party Congress in 2017, has been a key concern for professionals from all walks of life, and in the development of the revitalization strategy, China has experienced a long period of changing population movement nationwide. Facing the development trend and environmental development problems in China nowadays, we should discuss and solve the problem immediately. First of all, this project has obtained many development problems faced in the implementation of rural revitalization from various platforms and personal resources, and plans to carry out in-depth and solution of the problems from two aspects: fieldwork and desktop research and discussion, respectively. This project will reflect the problems in rural revitalization more comprehensively and give the country and government more quality solutions. Secondly, we analyze and summarize the situation of rural revitalization at home and abroad, and summarize the differences to find and propose excellent suggestions for improvement.


Introduction
China is actually a large agricultural country with a very rural nature, and the cultural root of a large agricultural country is its countryside, and the village is an important carrier of the countryside culture. China now has the "three rural problems" of underdeveloped agriculture, unprosperous countryside, and unprosperous farmers [1], and the "three rural problems" are the core problems of building a socialist society with Chinese characteristics. The "three peasant" problem is the core problem of building a socialist society with Chinese characteristics, and the "three peasant" problem is closely related to the modernization of socialism with Chinese characteristics [2]. At the same time there is also a major problem of food security, the people are the foundation of the country, the grain is the life of the people, food security is a matter of national luck and people's livelihood. Facing these major problems, we have formulated the rural revitalization policy, and the implementation of the policy makes rural households more and more desirable, and at the same time improves the income of rural people, and when the land rights are confirmed, the rights and interests of farmers will be more and more, which gradually makes China develop more prosperous and flourishing.

Current Situation of Domestic and Foreign Research
The implementation of rural revitalization strategy is the direction, strategy and basic way for the current and future development of China's rural areas established in the report of the 19th Party Congress. In view of the novelty of this reference, there are no research results directly called as such at home and abroad, but there are quite a number of research results related to how to build and develop the countryside with similar connotation to the implementation of rural revitalization strategy.

Status of domestic research
Since the policy of rural revitalization was proposed, China has started to implement large-scale revitalization activities. Among them, there is a rural revitalization research team composed of Professor Wan Qing, Dr. Li Gensheng and Dr. Sun Luyun as the main researchers. [3] Relying on the characteristic resources and industries in Dabie Mountain area, especially the construction of "one valley, one belt, one ridge and one reservoir", they deeply integrate the scientific research strength and industrial resources inside and outside the university, and provide research reports and decision support for the development of industries and enterprises in the region to serve the rural industrial revitalization. This team starts to work on the development of existing local natural and agricultural resources, developing local individual resources while actively researching and developing applicable emerging technologies to promote rural and agricultural development. In addition, there is a research team composed of Prof. Guocheng, Dr. Wang Xiaoling and Associate Prof. Zhang Jinbo. They focus on the development needs of rural talents in the process of implementing the rural revitalization strategy, and carry out non-academic education such as further training and study for local governments, agriculture-related enterprises and institutions, and new agricultural business entities to serve the revitalization of rural talents, and strive to build a well-known training base for rural revitalization talents in western Anhui. Base. The team makes full use of the local talent resources, so that the trained talents can use their personal strengths to develop and build the countryside. In terms of the implementation of rural policy subsidies, we have a research team mainly composed of Prof. Zhou Benda, Prof. Yue Qin, Dr. Wang Jianjian and Dr. Zhao Pan. They conduct a comprehensive survey through pilot counties and villages to a hundred villages to find out the dilemma of rural socio-economic development in the western Anhui region, summarize and sublimate it, refine it into academic issues, and then carry out a series of academic research. Based on the analysis and processing center of regional finished product data, they conduct in-depth research on the price mechanism of special agricultural products and agricultural products under new business mode, ecological compensation mechanism of public goods such as water resources and air in Dabie Mountain, and other related issues.

Status of foreign research
While China is implementing the rural revitalization policy, overseas countries are also carrying out rural revitalization. The United States region has strengthened infrastructure construction to meet the basic needs of local people's life [4], while the countryside tourism products in the United States are rich and diverse, mainly including agricultural tourism, forest tourism, folklore tourism, ranch tourism, fishing village tourism and water village tourism. The development of tourism enables tourists to enjoy the scenery of the fields, as well as to participate in the cultivation of fields and pastures, etc. They can also share the fruits of the harvest and participate in recreational programs with strong local characteristics to cultivate their emotions and strengthen their bodies and minds. The EU plays an important role in the integration of European agriculture. The EU's seven-yearly Rural Development Program is an important cornerstone of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community. "The main framework of the Rural Development Plan 2014-2020 includes rural development projects and plans, financial support for rural development, direct payments and regulations on transfer payments.
In terms of the differences between domestic and foreign rural revitalization development, rural areas throughout developed countries today are much more convenient than ours. For example, in the United States, Europe and even Japan in Asia, there are already a lot of agricultural technologies penetrating into every aspect of rural life, because these developed countries are decades ahead of us in terms of urbanization process including industrialization process, and in this process, just like what is happening in our rural areas at present, it also happened in these countries in the past, but then the equipment and technology were mainly around machinery, while now with the Internet, the speed of the Internet process is a little faster, bringing spillover effects and scale effects will also be more obvious. [5]In the past, it was under the influence of technology, change is slowly accumulating, for example, in Japan, after decades of development, in all aspects of agricultural production, almost all machines have their respective roles in working for farmers, even if it is no more than a small link, such as mowing, in our country is still basically dominated by manual, at the same time, even to mowers to refuel such a subtle action, in Japan's supermarkets can be bought Specialized oil pump.
The United States, for example, only 2% of the agricultural population, but can feed the remaining 98% of the population, at the same time, or the world's largest exporter of agricultural products, you can imagine that their income must still be very high. China is different. At the end of 2021, China will have a rural population of nearly 500 million to feed the remaining 900 million people, which means that a farmer just feeds less than 2 urban populations. Conversely, the urban population can also think about how much money you spend for primary agricultural products every day. Then you can figure out how much money each urban population contributes to the farmer. So from the point of view of income, this industrial structure, including the way the factors of production are combined, is extremely inefficient, so farmers' income is very low.
In addition to income, there is a big gap between us and developed countries in terms of living comfort. For example, can rural residents enjoy the same educational conditions, medical conditions, pension conditions, humanistic care, etc. as urban residents? In developed countries, this gap is very small, but in the country, the fact is that the city is much more comfortable than the countryside, whether from the energy utilization or social convenience, are much higher than the rural areas.
The core reason for the gap is that the rural areas are too populous and the value of output is too low to build the welfare needs of so many people with a meager output. However, as urbanization accelerates, there will be fewer and fewer rural residents and fewer producers, then the income of producer units will increase. This process does not simply turn rural residents into urban residents, but requires a complete set of industrial layout and structure, which is the purpose and motivation of implementing rural revitalization.

Unbalanced development of urban and rural areas is still the biggest shortcoming
At this stage, the unbalanced and insufficient development between urban and rural areas and regions is the basic national condition of China, and at the same time, it is also the biggest short board facing the implementation of rural revitalization strategy. First of all , according to the data distributed by the National Bureau of Statistics, the per capita income ratio between urban and rural residents in China is 2.56 in 2022, and although it shows the trend of continuous reduction, the level is still at a high position. This is enough to show that the income gap between residents is still large. Secondly, the development of rural areas generally lags behind, and some of the towns and villages developing rural revitalization have more historical debts in infrastructure construction such as water, electricity, gas, roads and networks, and the problems of insufficient investment and repeated construction exist in large numbers, among which the problems of rural living garbage and sewage treatment facilities are prominent shortcomings. Finally, infrastructure and basic public services can hardly meet the rural people's aspiration for a better life. Compared with urban areas [6], the development of basic public services such as medical care, education, culture and sports, health and social security is relatively lagging behind, among which the quality of basic education and medical and health services is particularly low.

The endogenous power of the main body of rural revitalization needs to be improved
Farmers and rural areas are the main subjects of rural revitalization, however, the endogenous motivation of the main subjects to participate in rural revitalization is still insufficient at this stage [7]. First of all, there is still the idea of "waiting and relying on others", and some regions still have the idea of waiting for funds, relying on superiors and asking for projects in promoting rural revitalization projects, and the phenomenon of "farmers watching and government doing" still exists. Secondly, rural grass-roots party organizations do not play a leading and central role enough. In some areas, rural grass-roots party organizations are still using some old methods to mobilize the masses, with more cadres patting the board and fewer farmers voicing their opinions, and not playing the main position and main battle role of farmers enough. Finally, rural industrial development and agricultural modernization lacks capable leaders, there is a lack of local practical skills talents in the countryside, farmers are weak in independent entrepreneurship and self-development, the interest linkage mechanism between new business entities and farmers is not yet close enough, and the ability of radiation to drive farmers needs to be improved.

The quality and level of rural industrial development are generally not high
Since the implementation of the rural revitalization policy, all places have achieved obvious results in promoting the development of rural industries, but the quality and level of rural industrial development are generally not high. First of all, the structure of agricultural production is not excellent, and there are still many agricultural problems of having products without brands, brands without scale, and scale without industry, as well as the lagging certification of agricultural product quality, low standardization, short industrial chain and low added value of commodities. Secondly, the development of the agricultural social service system is not sufficient, storage, cold chain, logistics, information and consulting services and other resources in China's rural areas is relatively lacking, and the high cost of logistics operations in rural areas, the transformation of agricultural science and technology achievements is slow, the number of grass-roots agricultural technology services are generally insufficient, the service relevance and agricultural science and technology innovation capacity is not strong. Finally, there is insufficient coordination and planning for the development of new industries and new business models. At present, the coordination and planning of new industries and new business models such as rural tourism and leisure agriculture in many rural areas of China is obviously insufficient, and individual places are going up in a flurry and the problem of homogenization is prominent.

Solutions to the problem of unbalanced urban and rural development
First of all, this research group believes that we should continue to strengthen support for the "three rural areas" [8], such as exempting rural students from school fees, abolishing agricultural taxes, strengthening the construction of new socialist countryside, establishing new cooperative medical care in rural areas, implementing a new rural social pension insurance system and a minimum living security system for rural residents, etc., which can help reduce the economic expenditure of rural areas and give villagers a certain amount of money. This will help to reduce the economic expenses of rural areas, give villagers a certain amount of economic security, and increase the economic value of rural areas with the same income and profit, while improving the enrollment rate and education level of students, which is more conducive to the future development of rural areas. Secondly, continue to increase the central financial support, allocate important resource elements to rural areas, guide important resource elements to flow to rural areas, accelerate the establishment of long-term incentive mechanisms, actively play the role of rural finance, use fiscal leverage and monetary leverage to guide more funds to invest in the "three rural areas", while through the " At the same time, through policies such as "college student village officials" and "three supporters", college students are encouraged to work in rural areas and gradually improve the cultural level of rural areas, which is more conducive to improving the quality of village cadres and better serving rural areas and agriculture.

Solutions to the problem of insufficient endogenous power of the main body of rural revitalization
Mainly divided into four "strengthening". One is to strengthen the leadership of party building, dig deeper to stimulate the source of endogenous power, focus on playing the role of party organization and party members to "double lead", drive the village collective economy with party building, inject power into the collective economic development, use the collective economy to help the poor people, make the poor people's heart warm up, manual up, passion up, rely on their own hard work to create a good life, and try their best to achieve the goal of local revitalization. The good life, try to achieve local poverty, stimulate endogenous power to achieve poverty, and consolidate the effectiveness of poverty eradication. Second, strengthen infrastructure construction, provide support to stimulate endogenous power, "clothing, food, housing and transportation" is the basic project that the people are most concerned about, making up for the short board of infrastructure is the fundamental guarantee to achieve poverty alleviation and prosperity [9], closely focus on water conservancy, transportation and other infrastructure construction, vigorously implement safe drinking water, power grid renovation, village roads, improve the life of the masses Habitat environment, is the masses have a direct sense of access to find development support, stimulate the motivation to get rich, for industrial development, sustainable poverty eradication skills necessary infrastructure conditions. Third, strengthen industrial support, find the path to stimulate the endogenous power, in accordance with the idea of "scale development, diverse forms, according to local conditions, benefit sharing, sound system", improve the supporting facilities to enhance the rural revitalization project, the development of sericulture, oil tea, asparagus, pig farming and other industries as a key guide to support, the current relying on this program makes At present, relying on this program, the area of tea plantations in the township has reached more than 7,000 mu, with an average annual production of more than 3,500 tons of dried tea, and the area of mulberry plantations has reached more than 7,000 mu, with more than 5,000 silkworms, relying on capable households and cooperatives to drive rural industrial development. Fourth, strengthen policy propaganda , enhance the energy efficiency of stimulating endogenous power, insist on setting up benchmarks and typical guidance, widely publicize the national policies for the people while telling more inspirational stories of rural revitalization, further enhance the awareness of the responsibility of the masses to work hard to get rich, enter households for detailed understanding around each social security policy, establish the correct guidance of self-reliance, and rely on the Through vigorously promoting the advanced models of rural revitalization and relying on the driving force of the role model, the confidence of the masses in getting rich is enhanced, and the endogenous power effectiveness of the farmers is continuously enhanced and stimulated.

Solutions to the problem of low quality and level of rural industrial development [10]
First, we should accelerate the establishment of a sound socialized service system for rural industrial development and provide guidance for rural industrial development to the maximum extent, for example, we can set up a professional rural industrial development department to provide one-stop guidance service for rural industrial development. Secondly, we should take the government as the bridge, take the enterprise as the theme, take the market as the guide, actively broaden the investment and financing channels, innovate the investment and financing mode, and solve the financial problems for the development of rural industries. Third, we should raise geese to gate-keep the operation mode of leading enterprises, and actively create conditions for the formation of a long-term effective community of interests among the masses, enterprises and related interest groups. For example, the government and related departments can ground the opposite side of the position to play the role of a good supervisor to ensure the realization of common interests, so as to encourage and stimulate the participation of the masses. Fourth, to strengthen the foundation of rural industries, actively introduce and cultivate leading enterprises, so that leading enterprises dare to come in, willing to come in, and effectively drive industrial development, can open a green channel for the entry of leading enterprises, increase the financial concessions, subsidies, etc. Fifth, to strengthen allround protection measures, enterprises, the government, insurance companies and related interest groups to establish effective institutional measures, multi-headed, share the risk, to ensure the good and rapid development of rural industries.

Suggestions for the transformation of
agriculture and rural areas [11] The transformation of the countryside, agriculture and farmers is the transformation of the whole agricultural industry chain, and the transformation of the agricultural industry chain depends on the return of our whole agricultural industry chain, when the return of the agricultural industry is improved, the whole agricultural chain will also change, and when the agricultural chain changes, the people engaged in agriculture will also change.
Second, the transformation of farmers is dependent on the demands placed on them by the production and service processes of agriculture; farmers will change, but they will change only if the processes of agriculture change. For example, higher standards and higher quality are required, and these are closely related to the returns that farmers receive after their inputs. So, as soon as the returns from standardization, precision, and scale in agriculture rise, all that is needed is training that matches all of this to accomplish it. So it is the farmers who come first and then agriculture, not the change in agriculture that comes after the change in farmers. When the shape of agriculture changes, when the characteristics of the industry change, and when the way of doing agriculture changes, then the rural community naturally changes as well.
No change is possible without land, and in the context of the market entry of agricultural land in China, it is important to clarify that "there must be industries in the countryside, and the countryside should be a space for development".
There are three types of land in rural areas: arable land, rural construction land, and residential land. Among these three types of land, construction land depends on the industrial characteristics of the countryside. Therefore, the most important point in rural revitalization is to clarify whether the countryside is a development space or something else. Therefore, the most important point in rural revitalization is to clarify whether the rural area is a space for development or something else. Rural revitalization is not waiting for fewer and fewer people to engage in agriculture, but the countryside still needs to have industries.

Suggestions for urban-rural cooperative development
Without rural industries, the urban-rural gap in China will not change. Without industries, the only way out for farmers is to leave widows and orphans at home to work as farmers, and young and strong laborers to work in the cities, then China's countryside will always be what it is now.
Therefore, speaking of urban-rural integration, a very important point of urban-rural integration is that the development space between urban and rural areas is equal. The industry of the countryside is related to agriculture and the future urban demand for urban and rural areas. With industry comes the issue of land use.
In the urban development space, land for construction can be acquired and then used, but what about the rural area? Since the countryside is a development space, there should be industries and demand in the countryside, so land for construction should be guaranteed. In fact, the law has made clear provisions for rural land. That is, when the collective construction land conforms to the planning and use control, it can enter the market, and then use the land to try to build rural industries.

Summary
Since the rural revitalization strategy has been proposed, China's economic development has become more rapid, and rural revitalization has become a necessary way for China's social development today, which rapidly improves the living standard of the nationals while improving the difference between urban and rural development [12]. The impact of population mobility on rural social governance is not only diverse, but also dual, with both negative and positive effects. Effective rural governance should not be a unilateral response to population outflow and inflow, but also a comprehensive analysis of the mechanism of population mobility on rural social governance, considering economic development, cultural construction, population mobility, institutional change and other factors, and more fully utilize various aspects and resources to promote the modernization and transformation of rural social governance. [13] On the basis of two-way population mobility in rural areas to reshape urban-rural relations, drive the full flow of human capital, economic capital, social capital and other elements between urban and rural areas, achieve a more optimal allocation of resources between urban and rural areas, and provide an important guarantee condition for rural social governance.