Analysis of the Effects of Urbanization in the Context of Marx's Urban ‐ Rural Development Theory in China

: China is at a critical stage of transformation from building a moderately prosperous society to basically realizing socialist modernization, and it is imperative to realize a new urbanization pattern. Guided by Marx's urban-rural development theory, this paper takes the 1% urbanization growth rate as the entry point, systematically composes the research progress of urbanization, and analyzes the 1% urbanization effect in six aspects: transformation of population migration structure, land urbanization, transformation of governmental role, transformation of the structure of three industries, change of urban system, growth distribution effect, and institutional construction. On this basis, corresponding measures are proposed for the new urbanization in the future: China's urbanization development should still focus on people and the fruits should be shared by the people, thus realizing the high-quality development of urbanization. We will continue to promote the optimization of spatial pattern, the development of county economy, the quality and efficiency of urban-rural integration, and the active cooperation of effective market and competent government, thus releasing the dividends of urbanization and deepening the ideological connotation of Marx's urban-rural development theory and new urbanization.


Introduction
The development of urbanization has changed significantly since the end of 2021, with the urbanization of the resident population reaching 64.72%, which means that China's urbanization has entered a brand-new stage. In the face of the steady forward development of the economy and the new changes in urban-rural relations, what exactly does it mean for China to maintain an urbanization level of around 1% in the future? In the face of the impact of the epidemic, the Party Central Committee has repeatedly made deployments for the construction of new urbanization, and since the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan and 2035 Vision for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China, new urbanization has been given a new mission, new connotation and new requirements. Therefore, on the premise of accurately grasping Marx's urban-rural theory, it is urgent to grasp the process of urbanization for the development of new urbanization strategy, and then it is important to reasonably study the urbanization rate of 1% to measure the modernization level of a country or region, promote the development of new urbanization and thus enrich Marx's urban-rural theory, etc.
In the 70 years after the first industrial revolution, the development of modern industry has led to the rapid expansion of population due to the concentration of raw materials and the widening of the urban-rural gap due to the urban transfer of resources, and cities have always played a pioneering role. This theoretical system uses Marx's scientific methodology to analyze the development of urban and rural areas from the opposing sides of productive forces and relations of production, and concludes that the relationship between urban and rural areas will change from "same" and "opposing" to "integration". "The ultimate goal is to achieve "comprehensive human development" (Sun, F., and Cao, S. H., 2022), so it is necessary to vigorously develop productive forces, promote the positive interaction between agriculture and industry and urbanization, and accelerate the change of household registration and land system, etc. To promote the urbanization process in China (Shi, S. N., 2022).
With the further promotion of the development concept in the new era, the in-depth promotion of the new urbanization construction has turned into the current theme. Many scholars have conducted research on urbanization development. From the theoretical level some scholars have taken the relationship between urbanization and national economic development as the entry point, sorted out the evolutionary logic of China's urbanization, and constructed a theoretical logic system of China's new urbanization, where vertical political centralization-economic decentralization has rapidly promoted China's urbanization (Li, L.B. et al., 2020; Hou, X.P., 2020). China's urbanization has experienced the initial period, accelerated development period, and basic maturity period, and in the future, the comprehensive urban carrying capacity will be continuously improved and urban-rural integration will be deeply integrated. Starting from the aspect of factors affecting urbanization, some scholars believe that the urgency of securing human resources and the reality of two-way urban-rural integration will be the main factors affecting the development of urbanization in China (Zhou, G.L. et al., 2019; Wang, Kai et al., 2020), while stronger environment-based policy tools have an ameliorating effect on the imbalance of urbanization (Liu, X.H., Sun, D.P., 2022). The promotion effect of urbanization on rural revitalization urbanizes the rural population (Huang, Z.H., Ma, Y.L., 2020), and the best means to realize the coupling of rural revitalization and new urbanization is to promote urban-rural integration development with a systematic path (Zhang, M.L., 2022; Lv, P., Yu, S.Q., 2021). At the empirical level, studies mostly analyze empirically the relationship between urbanization development and a certain factor, such as studying the relationship between urbanization development and carbon emissions in two country groups and the impact of urbanization on carbon emissions (Xin Q., Guo X.N., 2022; Kai W., 2021), the coupling of urbanization and ecological environment interaction (Fang C.L., 2019), science and technology innovation, industrial structure upgrading and the driving mechanism of new urbanization on high-quality development (Tu et al., 2021;Fu, L.N. et al., 2020). Other scholars study the urbanization phenomenon from the perspective of population flow, and there is a trend of increasing population return, inter-provincial and intraprovincial population migration and flow; city-city flow increases significantly, and inter-city flow of population will gradually become normalized (Wu, R.J. et al., 2022;Lin, Li Y. et al., 2021). In terms of research regions, they mainly focus on studying the drivers of the coupling of new urbanization and eco-efficiency in the Yangtze River Delta, the development pattern of urbanization level in the Yellow River Basin (Li J., Zhang Y., 2022; Wu Y.X. et al., 2020), the quality of urbanization in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, and the level of coordinated urban development (Han D., 2022). In terms of research methods, some scholars have estimated the "U"-shaped relationship between environmental regulation and urbanization from dynamic panel models and panel threshold models (Li, Z.C., 2022), while others have studied the coupled coordination degree of urbanization and high-quality development in the Yellow River basin and its driving factors using entropy, coupled coordination degree model, and gray correlation analysis (Ren B.P., Gong Y.H., 2022), and analyzed the effect of urbanization on economic growth from land urbanization and population urbanization with the help of econometric models (Zhu J.G. et al., 2020; Yao C.S. et al., 2020). Other scholars study the types of urbanization from the scale of counties (Zhu Y., 2021; Sun Y., 2020), the phenomenon of reverse urbanization in the urbanization process, and the issue of agricultural land and farmers' property rights (Li W.P., 2022). To meet the new economic situation, smart cities and satellite cities have also emerged. Studies on smart urbanization mostly use machine learning algorithms to evaluate urban forms in the simulation and deduction process and explore the inner mechanism of path differentiation (He, Z. et al., 2021; Li, X., 2021).
Regardless of the evolutionary history of China's urbanization or the promotion path of new urbanization, it is important to clarify the basic characteristics of urbanization development. From the first census to the seventh census ( Figure 1), China's urbanization rate went from 13.26% to 63.89%, with an average annual growth rate of urbanization of 0.76%. The urban population rose from 77.26 million to 902 million. The speed and scale of China's urbanization development have created a world miracle.

1% Urbanization Effect
With the "spring breeze" of reform, the speed of urbanization in China has shifted from slow before reform and opening up to rapid progress after reform and opening up, but the road of urbanization has not been smooth. One of them is the unbalanced development in regional space. As we can see from Table 1, the urbanization in the eastern, western, central and northeastern regions differs significantly, with the urbanization in the eastern region increasing from 22.24% in 1982 to 70.75% in 2020, which is higher than the national level as a whole, and the average annual growth rate is greater than 1%; while the urbanization in the central and western regions is significantly lower than the national level, and the average annual growth rate is the national level; the urbanization level in Northeast China is higher than the national level, but the average annual growth rate is lower than 1%, which is related to the frequent population movement and low fertility rate in Northeast China. In comparison with equivalent foreign economies (Figure 2), China's urbanization rate is still far lower than that of the United States and Japan, but China has perfectly achieved the target of an average annual increase of 0.8 percentage points between the 11th and 13th Five-Year Plans. After 2014, China's urbanization level has begun to exceed the world urbanization level, but the actual growth rate is significantly higher than 1 percentage point, gradually catching up with developed countries. "The 14th Five-Year Plan proposes to reach an urbanization rate of 65% of the population, with a slower growth rate compared to 2020. The National Population Development Plan (2016-2030) projects that the urbanization rate of China's resident population will be 70% in 2030. Second, the development of the urbanization dimension layer is uneven. While the massive movement of population to urban areas has accelerated the urbanization process in China, the foreign population has difficulties in fully integrating into the cities due to the restrictions on household registration, forming a "semi-urbanization" phenomenon. As a result, the urbanization rate of the registered population is lower than that of the resident population. The difference in the average annual growth rate is quite large, which hinders the steady progress of urbanization. At the same time, the growth rate of land urbanization does not match the growth rate of population urbanization. The intertwining of rapid urbanization and unbalanced and insufficient urbanization means that the 1% urbanization growth rate still has great potential for exploitation.

Shift in the Migration Structure of the Population
Northman proposes that the urbanization process shows an "S" curve development, which considers the urbanization level below 30% as the initial stage, 30%-70% as the middle stage, of which more than 50% is the second half of the middle stage of urbanization, and more than 70% as the later stage. The urbanization growth rate of 1.42% from 2010 to 2020 is significantly faster than the target of 1%, which will undoubtedly promote the change of population migration and flow in the middle and late stages of urbanization. The phenomenon of return flow is increasing, the trend of interprovincial and intra-provincial population migration flow is increasingly obvious, the urbanization process of household registration of mobile population begins to accelerate, the city-urban flow increases significantly, and the city-urban flow of population will gradually become normalized. (Lin, L.Y. et al., 2020) By the end of 2020, the urbanization rate of the household registration population reached 45.4%, which is lower than the urbanization rate of the resident population of 18.49%, implying that 261,038,000 migrant workers have moved to the city but have not settled there, mainly due to the uncertainty of urban settlement of the migrant worker group. At the same time, China's household registration system keeps tens of millions of left-behind children and more leftbehind elderly people out of cities and towns, and the "reservoir" effect leaves these people with no guarantee of social security (Wan G.H., 2021).
At the beginning of the founding of New China, the dual urban-rural household registration system that was in place greatly restricted population migration between urban and rural areas. Since the reform and opening up, after the emancipation, the country gradually liberalized the urban settlement constraints, thus accelerating the inter-city movement of the population. Since 2000 (Figure 3), the population concentration in the east has slowed down, but the east is still the main gathering place of population flow, and the central and western concentration trend has increased, and after 2015, the population in the northeast did not accelerate the outflow, but the population share due to low fertility rate has declined. From the monitoring data of migrant workers (Table 2), the phenomenon of cross-province employment is obvious in central and western China, while eastern and northeastern China tend to be employed within the province.

Land Urbanization
With the steady advancement of urbanization, land use also tends to be expansive and decentralized. The scale of construction land has expanded dramatically and is more chaotic in layout, with rapid expansion of non-agricultural land and massive loss of arable and forest land (Li Tian et al., 2017), while the ambiguity of property rights has led to the informal development of collective land (Tian Li, 2014). Under the current administrative division, policies such as land management policies and population domicile migration have fettered and restricted the advancement of land urbanization. Strengthening the management of construction land, under the condition of not affecting urbanization, relies on land policies to greatly "release water to raise fish" and revitalize land use. In the first stage, only the population was transferred to big cities and mega-cities, but the industries were not transferred there, and the phenomenon of "empty buildings" appeared in satellite cities. In the second stage, the rapid development of the metropolitan area as an important carrier connecting the county and the countryside has led to the influx of related industries to the big cities, and the real estate has also brought good opportunities to the surrounding small and medium-sized cities by relying on the functions of the cities. Moreover, the advancement of population urbanization will in turn make the incoming population in big cities desperately need to rent and buy houses, thus leading to the booming development of real estate.  (Figure 4), although it gradually increases from 2015 to 2020, it fluctuates slowly The land urbanization rate in the central and western regions is higher than the national land urbanization rate, and it is much higher in the central region, while the eastern region is lower than the national land urbanization rate The reason behind this may be that the level of urbanization in the eastern region has brought the use of construction land to the extreme, and along with the continued rise of population urbanization, the effect of land regulation is not significant. The land urbanization in the Northeast accompanies the national line here and there, mainly because of the low construction land in urban areas in the Northeast, the vast agricultural land as a backup supply of food, and the restrictions on the flow of collective land and other land, making it difficult to convert it into urban construction land.  For a long time, the demand for new construction land in China's cities has been mainly met by expropriating land from peasant collectives so. As a result, the rapid increase in construction land in the six central provinces has led to a massive reduction in peasant collective land and the loss of land subsidies and pension subsidies once attached to land by landless peasants. This has led to the phenomenon that the urbanization rate of the population in the central region is growing fast but the increment is lower than the national urban level. The graph shows that the land urbanization rate in the eastern, central, western, and eastern regions is basically increasing in a flat pattern, so for a 1% population urbanization growth rate, the land urbanization tends to catch up. Therefore, it will cause a series of problems of unclear land property rights and inconvenient land acquisition in the process of land transfer. Moreover, as the population moves to the big cities, the urban construction land in the eastern region is not enough to meet the demand, thus causing a "mismatch" between construction land and population flow, pushing up the housing price in urban areas and making it more difficult for migrant workers to settle down, which in turn hinders the urbanization process. As can be seen from Figure 5, for real estate construction, in 2020, the land acquisition area in the eastern region is 104.86 million square meters, much higher than that in the western, central and northeastern regions, indicating that in the face of rapid urbanization, developed regions urgently need a large amount of land to meet housing and commercial activities, and the growth curve of land acquisition basically fits the curve of land urbanization, indicating that the majority of real estate developers are limited by the planning of land for urban construction and gradually approach the planning in a scientific and reasonable manner. Except for the western region, the growth rate of all other regions is negative, which indicates that the high cost caused by the scarcity of land has limited the land acquisition and "land grabbing" behavior to a certain extent. , China's urbanization rate increased from 10.64% to 17.92%, with an average annual growth rate of 0.24%. In 1953, the First Five-Year Plan was implemented with the goal of accelerating national construction, and after the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Party, a nationwide plan for the development of the national economy was put on the agenda. In 1953, the "First Five-Year Plan" was implemented with the goal of accelerating national construction, and after the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party, the nationwide planned economic construction began. During this period, the government used the household registration system to control the outflow of rural population, and built a heavy industrial system and urban-rural scissors, which distorted the prices of products and restricted the flow of factors, thus forming the "urban-rural dual structure", which led to the obstruction of the urbanization process. Plan was a period of transition from a planned economy to a socialist market economy. During this period, the government vigorously promoted the system of responsibility for joint production in rural areas, while the rise of township enterprises and the establishment of special economic zones also had a certain impact on the planned economy system, thus releasing economic and demographic vitality and freeing the urban and rural labor force, thus promoting the development of urbanization.

Promotional Policies: Steady Promotion of
Urbanization (1992-2012) From the 8th Five-Year Plan to the 11th Five-Year Plan (1991-2010), China's urbanization rate has increased from 27.46% to 53.10%, with an average annual growth rate of 2.56%, reflecting the profound transformation from a planned economy to a market economy. This represents a profound transformation from a planned economy to a market economy. It proved that "effective market" and "active government" can complement each other and jointly promote productivity development, and then entered the stage of urban-rural integration. However, the rapid urbanization process has widened the gap between urban and rural areas and regions, resulting in the prominence of the "big city disease", which urgently requires a change from high speed to high quality.

Deepening Policy: People at the Core (2012-2021)
From the 12th Five-Year Plan to the 14th Five-Year Plan (2011-2025), China's urbanization rate has increased from 53.10% to 64.72%, with an average annual growth rate of 1.16%, which is a slowdown compared with the promotion policy. The National New Type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020) was introduced after the 18th National Congress, which clearly states that urbanization aims to improve quality. At this stage, China insists on implementing regional coordinated and developable strategies, improving institutional mechanisms for coordinated regional development, perfecting new urbanization strategies, building a new pattern of territorial spatial development and protection, and thus promoting a new type of urbanization with people at its core. Thus, with the government's active role, the urbanization process is more scientific and rational, and in the process of inter-provincial population flow, the government "escorts" the population flow and successfully avoids the emergence of urban diseases. The role of government has changed from a controlling one to a cooperative one, and local governments have been promoting institutional innovation and orderly implementation of urban rehabilitation and urban potential tapping policies under the premise of building an efficient and intelligent modern urban governance system. The top-level design of the government cooperates with the effective role of the market to make urbanization develop toward higher quality.

Transformation of Agriculture, Industrial Structure and Service Industry Structure
In the process of urbanization, the flow of factors between urban and rural areas and the movement of migrant workers into the cities have led to the successive structural transformation of the agricultural and industrial sectors. As the share of the agricultural sector declines and the share of the industrial sector rises, accompanied by the further rise of the service sector, supporting service facilities are needed to meet the basic supply and demand of people in the urbanization process. From 45.8% of the primary sector in 1953 ( Figure 6) to 7.3% of the primary sector in 2021, and from 30.8% to 53.3% of the tertiary sector, the structure of the agricultural and service sectors has undergone a radical change, while the secondary sector exceeded 50% in 2001, mainly because of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, a new round of industrial restructuring was carried out, and the proportion of light and heavy industries in China's industrial value added remained basically stable, but the proportion of heavy industries in industrial value-added rose rapidly. Moreover, after China's industrialization level (Figure 7) increased from 19.8% to 40.6%, it basically developed smoothly and had a tendency to decrease in 2020. Obviously, with the great strides of urbanization, industrialization has failed to catch up with the pace of urbanization.  At present, China's megacities and mega-cities are obviously facing confusion in industrial development and industrial structure transformation, with serious problems of industrial isomorphism, the phenomenon of high-tech "neck" still exists, and the lagging modern service industry also further restricts the population carrying capacity of cities, and technological innovation and transformation is imminent. Therefore, the most effective and non-distorting way to strengthen the domestic and international double cycle and promote urbanization and citizenship is to increase consumption (Wan G.H., 2021).

Change of Town System
In urban economics, Ziff's law is reflected in the fact that the city with the largest population is twice as large as the second largest city and three times as large as the third largest city. The mechanism behind the agglomeration effect of Ziff's law in large cities reacts to lower cost infrastructure and more efficient output from higher frequency connections. Here, the top three prefecture-level cities in terms of population in eastern Jiangsu Province, central Anhui Province, western Shaanxi Province, and northeastern Heilongjiang Province are selected respectively. By collating them (Figure 8), it is found that only Jiangsu Province basically satisfies Ziff's Law, Xi'an has twice the resident population of Weinan City, Harbin is twice as large as Qiqihar, and Shaanxi Province satisfies the 3-level relationship. The advancement of urbanization has complicated the flow of population, and the agglomeration effect of Ziff's Law in China has been challenged, and the cluster development of city groups and metropolitan areas makes it more scientific to study Ziff's law among city groups. Urbanization has led to an orderly expansion of the city scale, but the scale of the city should not only focus on the total population and economy of the city, but also on the location of the city in the urban network. "The 14th Five-Year Plan mentions "urban clusters and metropolitan areas" several times, and in the next 10 years, metropolitan areas and urban clusters will become the biggest "structural potential" in China, thus continuing to play a new function of optimization, development and cultivation. Since the approval of Nanjing metropolitan area, Xi'an metropolitan area, Wuhan metropolitan area and Guangzhou-Shenzhen metropolitan area are also on the agenda. As the current population keeps moving to urban circles and urban agglomerations, the free and full flow of population, land, technology and other factors are promoted through a rational reform of the urban system to realize the citizenship of farmers.
The metropolitan area has changed from a simple pyramidal governance structure to a community of destiny that is built, shared, and operated together (Yin Z., Executive Vice President, China Institute of Urban Research, Tsinghua University), so we should focus on building a new urban cluster model of scattered circles-axial spreading-face-to-face connectivity (Liang L.Y., 2014). The new city cluster model (Liang L.Y., 2014). With the increasing role of county cities, they have become an inseparable part of China's urban system. It is of great significance to promote the construction of new urbanization by focusing on county cities and supporting established towns to open up the "last mile" between the countryside and the cities.

Growth Distribution Effect
The average growth rate of the urbanization rate of the resident population during the 10-year period from 2010 to 2020 is 1.39%, while the growth rates of per capita GDP in China, Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, South Korea, France and the world are 0.59%, -0.48%, 1.47%, 0.14%, 0.85%, -0.16% and 0.13%. Compared with other countries in the world, China has a large gap in residents' income and per capita GDP can't catch up with the pace of urbanization, only the growth rate of GDP per capita in the United States has caught up with the speed of urbanization. Compared to the world average, China's situation is improving year by year, the urbanization rate has increased 0.28 times, but China's GDP per capita has increased 1.29 times.
Lewis' theory of binary economic structure shows that the income gap between urban and rural sectors has led to an influx of surplus rural labor to cities, and the gap between urban and rural income distribution has gradually widened as cities continue to expand, China has a good momentum as the Gini coefficient has started to decline since 2013 and is finally below the international alert line, compared to the Gini coefficient of 0.24-0.26 in developed to countries The road to development is still very long. The widening gap between urban and rural areas will undoubtedly challenge the social security system, constrain the development of urbanization, and affect the welfare level of the people. The rapid development of industry and service industry in the process of urbanization has led to a huge impact on the environment, and China officially announced at the 75th UN General Assembly that it would strive to achieve carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, with the advancement of urbanization, carbon emissions in developed countries such as Japan, the United States and France have basically stabilized, but China's carbon emissions are still slowly up, and China's total carbon emissions accounted for 30.3% of the world's total carbon emissions in 2018, so a more scientific carbon peak path is urgently needed. According to the current development trend of urbanization in China, it is expected that China can reach the urbanization rate of peak carbon countries in 2030, which is about 74% (He Zhen, 2021), so it is feasible to achieve peak carbon in 2030.

Promotion of the Protection System
Deepening the reform of the system can be done by removing certain restrictive conditions from the household registration system, improving the coverage of subsidized housing, and strengthening the education of children for further studies. The government needs to pay more attention to issues such as housing for migrant workers moving to the city and education for their children, and take active measures to reduce resistance to the urbanization process.
In 2021, the per capita living area of migrant workers in cities will be 21.7 square meters, an increase of 0.2 square meters over the previous year. Among them, the living area per capita in cities with more than 5 million people will be 17.0 square meters, 0.1 square meters more than the previous year; the living area per capita in cities with less than 500,000 people will be 25.5 square meters, 0.2 square meters more than the previous year. The development process is slow, and the government needs to accelerate the cultivation and development of the housing rental market, expand the supply of urban rental housing in a strong and orderly manner, improve the policy on long-term rental housing, and protect a series of problems faced by the process of migrant workers. For the phenomenon of education for children moving with migrant workers to cities, the government should solve the problems of education resource allocation, the quality of public and private schools, and the education fault line. It should also improve the education and medical protection for children who move with them, and improve the housing market system and housing protection system. It should further establish a housing system with multi-channel security and rent-to-own (Hu, Z.C., 2021), so that education resources can flow in both directions between public and private schools, and children who move with them can enjoy equal and benign education.

Some Discussions on Urbanization and Citizenship
The process of urbanization is a spontaneous one that responds to the times. Its pace is unstoppable, and actively addressing the challenges of urbanization requires joint multidisciplinary research, and moreover, a balance between equity and efficiency. First of all, the future development of urbanization in China should still focus on people and achieve high-quality development of urbanization. Increase the reform of the household registration system, reduce the restrictions of household registration on the citizenship of farmers, and ensure residents' access to equal basic public services. Slow down the rate of land urbanization and revitalize the stock of construction land in an efficient and orderly manner. Realize the purpose of increasing capacity, efficiency, value-added and gain. Second, continue to deepen the evolution of the spatial carrier of individual cities -city circles -city clusters -city domains. City clusters and metropolitan areas are the main carriers of the new urbanization strategy, and they are pivotal in promoting the dual domestic and international cycles and the balance of supply and demand. In the future, the development of city clusters to urban domains will inevitably gather a higher percentage of population, and the 1% urbanization growth rate will definitely widen the gap between the circle and the domain and beyond, due to the continuous reloading and improvement of the near-domain division of labor system. The "reservoir" of migrant workers in the county city will indirectly open the link between the whole region and the outside, and play the role of buffer and efficiency for urbanization. Since the population and urbanization pattern determined by the "Hu Huanyong Line" will be maintained for a long time, the unbalanced regional urbanization level will curb the overall urbanization rate, and although the central and western regions have made a breakthrough with their unique location and policy inclination, they still cannot shake the urbanization process of the eastern regions. Finally, we should promote the reform of rural land property rights system, improve the land transfer system, reform the way of resource allocation, and optimize the national land resources. Grasp the connotation of Marx's idea of urban and rural development, firmly establish the development concept of "green water and green mountains are the silver mountain of gold", and adjust the development policy of new urbanization according to the problems encountered in the process of new urbanization, so that China's urbanization will enter a new journey.
Xiaohong Shi (1982-), female, native of Ulanhaote, Inner Mongolia, is an associate professor of economics at Anhui University of Finance and Economics, and has a PhD in economics.