Spatiotemporal Dynamic Geometric Occlusion Model and Optimal Strategy Optimization for Single-Shot Smoke Jammer Interference by UAVs

Abstract

This paper first constructs a spatiotemporal dynamic geometric occlusion model for evaluating the interference effectiveness of a single smoke grenade deployed by the FY1 UAV against the high-speed M1 missile in a complex scenario. This model rigorously formalizes the ambiguous concept of “effective concealment” mathematically, defining it as the complete obstruction of the missile's line-of-sight to the entire visible contour of the actual target by the smoke sphere. By establishing dynamic trajectory equations for the missile, UAV, and smoke grenade, combined with high-precision time-sliced numerical simulations, the model successfully quantifies the effective concealment duration under a given strategy, yielding a result of 1.39 seconds. Building upon this foundation, to address the challenge of finding the optimal deployment strategy, this paper embeds the simulation model into a nonlinear programming framework with boundary constraints, aiming to maximize effective concealment duration. Given the lack of an analytical expression for the objective function and its nonlinear nature, a two-stage grid search algorithm—coarse-to-fine—is designed and implemented, effectively balancing the need for global exploration and local precision. Through this optimization framework, the maximum effective obscuration duration ultimately achieved reached 4.5850 seconds. The research significance of this work is threefold: Firstly, it provides a theoretically innovative framework for quantitatively assessing dynamic countermeasures, moving beyond qualitative descriptions. Secondly, it offers a practical methodological contribution through the robust optimization algorithm, which is applicable to complex, simulation-based problems lacking gradient information. Finally, the findings have direct practical implications for enhancing the survivability of UAVs in asymmetric warfare, demonstrating a substantial improvement in defensive capabilities through optimal tactical planning.