The Influence of Japanese Buddhism on The Spread of Engraving, Printing, And Politics: The Dharani Sutra

Abstract

The spread and evolution of Buddhism in Japan required the introduction of Chinese art of woodblock printing from the Tang Dynasty, which contributed to the dissemination and advancement of Buddhism in Japan. This was achieved by introducing Buddhist classics from Sanskrit and Chinese, which had been previously unavailable. One of the most significant actions of Emperor Shotoku, influenced by Emperor Takeshi to establish a Buddhist monarchy led by female rulers and strengthening the rule, was to initiate the printing of one million Tathagatas, which can be regarded as a remarkable achievement. This effort intended to pacify rebellion as an opportunity. To weaken the authority of the Buddhist clergy and to consolidate his rule, Emperor Hengmu relocated the capital from Kyoto to Heian-kyo, a move that also affected the documentation of printing in official contexts. Thus, the printing press was no longer used, and gaps in Japan’s historical records emerged for an extended period. This paper takes the Dharani Sutra as a case study to examine the impact of Japanese Buddhism on woodblock printing and politics. It elucidates the genesis and trajectory of engraved printing. Japan benefited from the growth of Buddhism within its borders and actively promoted the dissemination of Buddhist teachings. Meanwhile, Buddhism also served as a political tool for Japan’s supreme rulers, with political struggles shaping the actions and decisions of those in power.