Biosensors in Alzheimer’s Disease: Emerging Tools for Early Diagnosis

Zhixuan Li

doi:10.54097/9a4nph55

Authors

Zhixuan Li

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54097/9a4nph55

Keywords:

Alzheimer’s Disease, Electrochemical Biosensor, Nanomaterials

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, has experienced a marked increase in incidence due to global population aging, imposing substantial challenges on healthcare systems. Conventional diagnostic approaches are typically applied only after the onset of overt cognitive impairment. They are often constrained by operational complexity, high cost, and invasiveness, limiting their utility for early detection. In recent years, biosensor technology has emerged as a promising tool for the early, rapid, and non-invasive AD diagnosis due to its high sensitivity. This review summarizes the advances and applications of biosensors in AD diagnosis and patient care from 2020 to 2025, with a particular focus on electrochemical and optical biosensors for detecting key AD-related biomarkers, including β-amyloid, Tau, phosphorylated Tau, and exosomal miRNA. Strategies for multiplexed biomarker detection to enhance diagnostic accuracy are also discussed. Moreover, the review highlights the use of biosensors in daily patient management, encompassing real-time health monitoring, optimization of pharmacotherapy, and behavioral interventions. Despite existing sensitivity, specificity, standardization, and clinical translation challenges, biosensor technologies are progressively moving toward multi-modal sensing, integration with artificial intelligence, and combination with microfluidic platforms. This review aims to provide insights into the early diagnosis and personalized management of AD and to outline prospective directions for future research in this field.

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