Comparison of the Structure, Working Principle, Materials, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Performance of Four Generations of Glucose Biosensors

Abstract

This paper mainly introduced the history of development and applications of glucose biosensors. The article first explains the basic composition and principles of biosensors, focusing on the role of glucose oxidase in blood glucose detection. Subsequently the paper systematically sorted out the evolution of four generations of glucose biosensors: The first generation of sensors relied on oxygen and were susceptible to interference, resulting in insufficient accuracy of the final results; the second generation added artificial media to improve stability and response speed; the third generation enhanced specificity and accuracy by achieving direct electron transfer between enzymes and electrodes, but it was very complex; the latest fourth generation adopted an enzyme-free design, using metal nanoparticles as electrocatalysts, with high sensitivity, low cost and excellent stability, overcoming limitations such as enzyme degradation.