Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) in Alzheimer’s Disease: Depression, Anxiety, and Agitation

Abstract

This study highlights the critical importance of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). BPSD—including agitation, depression, and anxiety—are highly prevalent and significantly worsen patients’ emotional distress, daily functioning, and quality of life, while also imposing a substantial psychological and economic burden on families and healthcare systems. Despite advances in understanding the pathological mechanisms of AD, the underlying neurobiological processes and the interactions among different BPSD subtypes remain insufficiently understood. This gap limits the development of precise diagnostic markers and practical treatment approaches. Current pharmacological treatments provide only modest benefits and are often accompanied by adverse side effects, underscoring the need for more personalized and comprehensive interventions. Non-pharmacological strategies—such as music therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and regular physical activity—have shown promising effects in alleviating patients’ psychological distress and reducing caregiver burden. This study emphasizes that BPSD should be considered a central component of AD management. Future research should prioritize large-scale, longitudinal, and cross-cultural studies integrating neuroscience, psychology, and public health insights to identify more effective and practical intervention strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the long-term impact on families and society.