Integrating Aerodynamics, Materials Science, and Energy Efficiency in Formula One: A Cross-Disciplinary Review

Abstract

Since F1 was held, its goal has transitioned from the mere chasing of extreme speed to a wider research platform. In general, researchers use it to test the latest achievements in aerodynamics, materials science, and energy efficiency. In this paper, the latest progress in these three fields is reviewed. Based on comprehensive evaluation, their interrelations and more in-depth significance are demonstrated. The front wing parts can contribute about one quarter of the vehicle’s downforce. Nonetheless, the efficiency of the vehicle will be severely weakened under a yaw state. The wake effect is likely to decrease the downforce of the following vehicle by 23-62%, thus seriously restricting the overtaking capacity. Carbon fiber composites bring about 30-60% weight decrease, making their energy absorption ability improve to two or even three times the original level. Nevertheless, the high cost and poor recyclability are still the critical barriers. In terms of the power systems, since the hybrid power units and advanced energy recovery systems were introduced in 2014, the thermal efficiency has increased to over 50%. Battery life cycle and thermal management remain the performance restricting factors. In contrast to most of the current literature that investigates these topics separately, this paper strives to combine them and examine their respective maturity and correlations. Aerodynamic performance is influenced by wake flow, which is directly linked to energy consumption. With the advancement of materials, the structure becomes more lightweight, so that aerodynamic efficiency is strengthened and the energy efficiency of hybrid power system is improved.