Advances and Emerging Trends of PID and Intelligent Control Strategies in CNC Machine Tools

Abstract

In contemporary manufacturing, high precision, efficiency, and stability in control systems are crucial. It is relatively simple and reliable, and therefore, proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control has continued to be widely used. Standard PID controllers are challenging to adapt to nonlinear and time-varying or tightly decoupled systems. This paper encompasses the new trend on the use of PID and PID variants, particularly fuzzy and adaptive PID, in the Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools to ensure that these issues are solved. These approaches have dynamic response, reductions in overshoot, and stability in the processes of spindle drives, servo motors, and feed mechanism applications. The paper classifies mainstream PID techniques, compares their performance in different CNC subsystems, and summarizes their advantages in practical machining environments. This study also includes representative CNC machining examples to demonstrate how various PID methods are applied in practice and how they improve machining accuracy and system stability. This work provides a technical reference for the development and implementation of high-performance PID control strategies in modern CNC machine tools and supports continued research toward more accurate and stable control solutions in precision machining systems.