Impact of Knee Joint Malalignment on Sprint Performance and Injury Risk: Mechanisms and Solutions

Abstract

Knee joint displacement, including genu valgus and genu varus, frequently occurs during high-speed running in short-distance races, affecting sprint performance and increasing the risk of injury. These misalignments disrupt the lower limb kinetic chain, leading to inefficient energy transfer and increased stress on the knee and surrounding structures. In addition to impairing forward propulsion, abnormal knee alignment can cause compensatory adjustments in other joints, such as the ankle and hip, which may further compromise stability and performance. The biomechanical mechanisms underlying knee displacement are primarily related to muscular imbalances, where excessive tension in certain muscle groups and weakness in others result in altered joint angles. Effective rehabilitation strategies focus on restoring muscle coordination through targeted strengthening and stretching exercises. Furthermore, corrective interventions such as braces, foot orthotics, and surgical options are explored for individuals with more severe misalignments. This review aims to investigate the biomechanical mechanisms of knee joint displacement and examine the corresponding rehabilitation strategies to improve performance and reduce injury risk.