Research on the Mechanism of mRNA Vaccines in Overcoming Tumor Immune Escape

Abstract

As a new approach to immunotherapy, mRNA vaccines have great potential in combating tumor immune escape. The article is a systematic literature review of both technical principles that form the basis of mRNA vaccines, main mechanisms of tumor immune escape, and the way they act in this regard. Initially, we present the key benefits of mRNA vaccines, such as fast production, strong immunogenicity, and positive safety data. Secondly, we discuss the major mechanisms of tumor immune escape, such as the inability to present antigens, the non-functional expression of immune checkpoint molecules, and the creation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. We then consider the ways in which mRNA vaccines can counteract immune escape by improving antigen presentation, stimulating T cell response, T cell response, remodel the tumor microenvironment, and generate immune memory. With this groundwork, we discuss the molecular mechanisms whereby mRNA vaccines reduce immune escape, such as neoantigen targeting strategies, multifunctional T-cell induction, reversal of T-cell exhaustion, and combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors with synergistic effects. In addition, we conclude with the current clinical trial results and discuss the future perspectives and obstacles of mRNA vaccines in different types of tumors. This review develops a systematized model of the anti-tumor immune escape mechanism of mRNA vaccines with an integrated view of the underlying mechanisms of actions and theoretical underpinning of clinical application and further optimization.