Current targets and treatments of schizophrenia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54097/8vspvq23Keywords:
Schizophrenia, target, treatment.Abstract
With the improvement of the level of social and economic development, mental illness has received more and more attention and attention. Among them, schizophrenia, as a common mental illness, seriously impairs the mental activity and social function of patients, and its lifetime prevalence rate is about 1%, bringing a heavy social burden. Schizophrenia is a disease that involves a variety of symptoms, including cognitive, behavioral, and emotional, and its symptoms vary greatly from patient to patient, even at different stages of the disease in the same patient. At present, the specific pathogenesis of schizophrenia is still unclear, and it is generally believed that it is caused by structural and functional abnormalities of the central nervous system, which is the result of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder disease, It can cause a person to be out of control in a number of ways and is a common and popular mental illness in the world, and recently, with advances and pioneering in the field of medicine, more and more neuroscientists and medical doctors are beginning to development into this field. This review systematically introduces several pathways related to schizophrenia disorders, anti-psychotic medications, and the GABA and schizophrenia. This review also introduces three generations Antipsychotics and further discusses role of GABA in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Downloads
References
Klein, Marianne O et al. “Dopamine: Functions, Signaling, and Association with Neurological Diseases.” Cellular and molecular neurobiology vol. 39,1 (2019): 31-59.
Howes, Oliver D, and Shitij Kapur. “The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III--the final common pathway.” Schizophrenia bulletin vol. 35,3 (2009): 549-62.
Kapur, Shitij. “Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia.” The American journal of psychiatry vol. 160,1 (2003): 13-23.
The Salience Network. (2022, August 2). The Salience Network. https://www.o8t.com/blog/salience-networks
Howes, Oliver D, and Matthew M Nour. “Dopamine and the aberrant salience hypothesis of schizophrenia.” World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) vol. 15,1 (2016): 3-4.
Patel, Krishna R et al. “Schizophrenia: overview and treatment options.” P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management vol. 39,9 (2014): 638-45.
Egerton, Alice et al. “Glutamate in schizophrenia: Neurodevelopmental perspectives and drug development.” Schizophrenia research vol. 223 (2020): 59-70.
C. (n.d.). Glutamate: What It Is & Function. Cleveland Clinic.https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22839-glutamate
Mei, Yu-Ying et al. “Astrocytic Regulation of Glutamate Transmission in Schizophrenia.” Frontiers in psychiatry vol. 9 544. 6 Nov. 2018.
Stahl, Stephen M. “Beyond the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia to three neural networks of psychosis: dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate.” CNS spectrums vol. 23,3 (2018): 187-191.
Stone, James M. “Glutamatergic antipsychotic drugs: a new dawn in the treatment of schizophrenia?.” Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology vol. 1,1 (2011): 5-18.
Bakshi, Arjun. and Prasanna Tadi. “Biochemistry, Serotonin.” StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, 5 October 2022.
Sumiyoshi, Tomiki et al. “Serotonin and dopamine receptors in motivational and cognitive disturbances of schizophrenia.” Frontiers in neuroscience vol. 8 395. 4 Dec. 2014,
Razakarivony, Oriane et al. “Towards in vivo imaging of functionally active 5-HT1A receptors in schizophrenia: concepts and challenges.” Translational psychiatry vol. 11,1 22. 7 Jan. 2021,
YANG Haidong, YANG Man, PAN Yangyang et al. Research progress on the association between cytokines and the mechanism of schizophrenia[J].Neurological Diseases and Mental Health,2023,23(03):184-188.
Tępnicki, Piotr et al. “Multi-targeted drug design strategies for the treatment of schizophrenia.” Expert opinion on drug discovery vol. 16,1 (2021): 101-114.
Mäki-Marttunen, Verónica et al. “The role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.” Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews vol. 118 (2020): 298-314.
Xu, Meng-Yi, and Albert H C Wong. “GABAergic inhibitory neurons as therapeutic targets for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.” Acta pharmacologica Sinica vol. 39,5 (2018): 733-753.
Orzelska-Górka, Jolanta et al. “New Atypical Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Depression.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 23,18 10624. 13 Sep. 2022,
Seeman, Mary V. “History of the dopamine hypothesis of antipsychotic action.” World journal of psychiatry vol. 11,7 355-364. 19 Jul. 2021.
Gomes, Felipe V, and Anthony A Grace. “Beyond Dopamine Receptor Antagonism: New Targets for Schizophrenia Treatment and Prevention.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 22,9 4467. 25 Apr. 2021.
De Berardis, Domenico et al. “Safety of antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia: a focus on the adverse effects of clozapine.” Therapeutic advances in drug safety vol. 9,5 (2018): 237-256.
Siskind, Dan et al. “Clozapine v. first- and second-generation antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis.” The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science vol. 209,5 (2016): 385-392.
Wagner, Elias et al. “Efficacy and safety of clozapine in psychotic disorders-a systematic quantitative meta-review.” Translational psychiatry vol. 11,1 487. 22 Sep. 2021.
Frieling, Helge et al. “Treating dopamimetic psychosis in Parkinson's disease: structured review and meta-analysis.” European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology vol. 17,3 (2007): 165-71.
Carbon, Maren et al. “Tardive dyskinesia risk with first- and second-generation antipsychotics in comparative randomized controlled trials: a meta-analysis.” World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) vol. 17,3 (2018): 330-340.
Mentzel, Thierry Q et al. “Clozapine Monotherapy as a Treatment for Antipsychotic-Induced Tardive Dyskinesia: A Meta-Analysis.” The Journal of clinical psychiatry vol. 79,6 17r11852. 18 Sep. 2018.
Vasiliu, Octavian. “Third-generation antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia and non-responsivity or intolerance to clozapine regimen: What is the evidence?.” Frontiers in psychiatry vol. 13 1069432. 29 Nov. 2022.
Telmach, Adriana et al. “Antipsychotic drug-aripiprazole against schizophrenia, its therapeutic and metabolic effects associated with gene polymorphisms.” Pharmacological reports : PR vol. 75,1 (2023): 19-31.
Correll, Christoph U, and Nina R Schooler. “Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Review and Clinical Guide for Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment.” Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment vol. 16 519-534. 21 Feb. 2020.
Albert, B., et al. Essential Cell Biology, 3rd ed. New York, NY: Garland Science, 2010.
Ionotropic Receptor, The Human Memory, 2022.
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), Cleveland Clinic, 2022.
Zhou S N. Discovery and pharmacological mechanism of GABA_B receptor targeted by anti-schizophrenic drugs [D]. Huazhong university of science and technology, 2023.
Xu MY, Wong AHC. GABAergic inhibitory neurons as therapeutic targets for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2018 May;39(5):733-753.
Schmidt, M., Mirnics, K. Neurodevelopment, GABA System Dysfunction, and Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacol 40, 190–206 (2015).
Fatemi SH, Folsom TD. GABA receptor subunit distribution and FMRP-mGluR5 signaling abnormalities in the cerebellum of subjects with schizophrenia, mood disorders, and autism. Schizophr Res. 2015 Sep;167(1-3):42-56.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.







