Osteosarcoma: Epidemiology, genetic mutations, and therapeutic strategies

Abstract

Osteosarcoma accounts for about 3% of all childhood cancers and is the most common primary malignant bone tumor. It primarily peaks in adolescence, around the age of 15 - 19. However, it is still possible for adults to be affected by osteosarcoma. Current treatment for osteosarcoma includes a combination of surgical resection and chemotherapy. However, the increasing resistance to chemotherapy drugs has led to an increase in disease mortality. In addition, its complex genetic underpinnings contribute to its aggressive behavior and resistance to current therapies. This review explores osteosarcoma's epidemiology, potential risk factors, molecular mechanisms, and current diagnostic and treatment strategies. The disease exhibits a bimodal age distribution, with variations across racial and ethnic groups. Distinct genetic mutations, including TP53 and RB1, disrupt cell cycle regulation and drive uncontrolled proliferation. Despite advances in treatment, challenges such as resistance to chemotherapy persist. Emerging targeted therapies, including MDM2 and CDK4/6 inhibitors, offer promise, but further research is essential. The multifaceted nature of osteosarcoma necessitates collaborative efforts to enhance understanding, refine diagnostics, and develop innovative therapies.