Effects of Metformin on Human Metabolic System, Gene Expression and Mechanism of Action

Abstract

Metformin, a pivotal medication in type 2 diabetes management, has garnered attention due to its multifaceted effect on the human body. This research explores the diverse effects of metformin, encompassing its role in the metabolic system, molecular mechanisms of action, and influence on gene expression. Metformin's primary mode of action involves enhancing insulin sensitivity, regulating hepatic glucose production, and modulating various metabolic pathways. Beyond glucose control, it has shown promise in addressing conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome, cancer treatment, and even COVID-19 outcomes. At the molecular level, metformin's activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) orchestrates a cascade of gene expression changes, contributing to its therapeutic outcomes. However, the variability in findings across studies underscores the intricate nature of Metformin's mechanisms. This research highlights the remarkable journey of metformin, from its herbal origins to its status as a globally recognized therapy, underscoring the importance of continuous research to refine its applications and improve patient care. Understanding metformin’s multifaceted effects provides a comprehensive perspective on its broader implications for human health and well-being.