Current progress of immunotherapy in cancer treatment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54097/9j5vje65Keywords:
Cancer; Immune system; immunotherapies.Abstract
Currently, cancer is the second cause of death in the world. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, for every 100,000 people, 403 new cancer cases were reported and 144 people died of cancer in 2021. Nowadays, besides chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and genetic therapy which have been common treatments for cancer in clinic, scientists have kept developing other strategies to fight against cancer. One innovative and critical approach is immunotherapy. Tumor immunotherapy is a treatment method that induces the body to produce tumor-specific immune responses in an active or passive way, and exerts its function of inhibiting and killing tumor cells. Among them, immunotherapy designed to elicit or enhance the immune response is called activation immunotherapies, while reducing or suppressing the immune response is suppression immunotherapies. Immunotherapy, disparate with other therapies, depends on patients’ immune systems, improving the anti-tumor ability of patients’ immune cells. Nowadays, there are five main types of immunotherapy: molecularly targeted therapy; immune checkpoint blockers or inhibitors; cytokine therapy, and cancer vaccines. Despite the significant progress immunotherapy achieved in cancer treatment, still, it faces a huge challenge in application. This review introduces the pathogenesis of cancer and the function mechanism of immunotherapy, as well as introduces several different available immunotherapies, and the improved strategies of immunotherapy and other therapies.
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