Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current Treatments and Future Outlook

Authors

  • Li You

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54097/kyqwz095

Keywords:

Rheumatoid Arthritis; treatments; theoretical foundation.

Abstract

An autoimmune condition called rheumatoid arthritis (RA) results in long-term harm to a patient's bones and tissues. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory illness that not only damages joints but, in certain cases, can cause complications that damage other systems like the skin, blood vessels, and eyes. Modern therapies for RA include application of drugs, surgery and physical treatments aiming to eliminate the activity of RA and improve patient’s living quality with the disease. Despite the rapid growth in people’s knowledge about RA in the past few decades, much of RA’s pathogenesis remains unknown and RA is often incurable. This article summarized some current therapies applied to treat the illness RA with evaluations of the efficacy and side-effects of each treatment involved, looking forward to providing the better theoretical foundation and information about the disease; also discussed the importance of developing new therapies involving different types of medicine as well as distinctive treatments for RA patients of different genders and backgrounds in the future.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ding, Q., Hu, W., Wang, R. et al. Signaling pathways in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for targeted therapy. Sig Transduct Target Ther 8, 68 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01331-9

H.T.W. Smeele, R.J.E.M. Dolhain, Current perspectives on fertility, pregnancy and childbirth in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, ISSN 0049-0172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.09.010.

Finckh, A., Gilbert, B., Hodkinson, B. et al. Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 18, 591–602 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-022-00827-y

Ometto, F. et al. Methods used to assess remission and low disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun. Rev. 9, 161–164 (2010).

Grennan, D. M., Gray, J., Loudon, J. & Fear, S. Methotrexate and early postoperative complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 60, 214–217 (2001).

Lopez-Olivo, M. A. et al. Risk of malignancies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with biologic therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA 308, 898–908 (2012).

Stuck, A. E., Minder, C. E., & Frey, F. J. (1989). Risk of infectious complications in patients taking glucocorticosteroids. Reviews of infectious diseases, 11(6), 954–963. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/11.6.954

Crofford L. J. (2013). Use of NSAIDs in treating patients with arthritis. Arthritis research & therapy, 15 Suppl 3(Suppl 3), S2. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar4174

Simmons, D. L., Botting, R. M., & Hla, T. (2004). Cyclooxygenase isozymes: the biology of prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition. Pharmacological reviews, 56(3), 387–437. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.56.3.3

Hinz, B., & Brune, K. (2007). Antipyretic analgesics: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, selective COX-2 inhibitors, paracetamol and pyrazolinones. Analgesia, 65-93.

Brater DC, Harris C, Redfern JS, Gertz BJ. Renal effects of COX-2 selective inhibitors. Am J Nephrol. 2001; 15:1–15. doi: 10.1159/000046212.

Adebajo A. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of pain and immobility-associated osteoarthritis: consensus guidance for primary care. BMC FAM Pract. 2012; 13:23. Doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-13-23.

Rezaei, H. et al. Evaluation of hand bone loss by digital X-ray radiogrammetry as a complement to clinical and radiographic assessment in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from the SWEFOT trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 14, 79 (2013).

Shaye Kivity, Yaron Zafrir, Ronen Loebstein, Rachel Pauzner, Meir Mouallem, Haim Mayan,Clinical characteristics and risk factors for low dose methotrexate toxicity: A cohort of 28 patients, 1568-9972,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.027.

Agnes M.Th. Boerbooms, Pit J.S.M. Kerstens, Jos W.A. van Loenhout, Jan Mulder, Leo B.A. van de Putte,Infections during low-dose methotrexate treatmentin rheumatoid arthritis,ISSN 0049-0172,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-0172(95)80009-3.

Cancro, M. P. Signalling crosstalk in B cells: managing worth and need. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9, 657–661 (2009).

Goldenberg M. M. (1999). Leflunomide, a novel immunomodulator for the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical therapeutics, 21(11), 1837–1821. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(00)86732-6

Parameswaran, N. & Patial, S. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling in macrophages. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene. Expr. 20, 87–103 (2010).

Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, Buchan I, Matteson EL, Montori V. Anti-TNF Antibody Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Risk of Serious Infections and Malignancies: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Rare Harmful Effects in Randomized Controlled Trials. JAMA. 2006; 295(19):2275–2285. doi:10.1001/jama.295.19.2275

José Ramón Maneiro, Alejandro Souto, Juan J. Gomez-Reino,Risks of malignancies related to tofacitinib and biological drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis, ISSN 0049-0172,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.02.007.

Stohl, W., Merrill, J. T., McKay, J. D., Lisse, J. R., Zhong, Z. J., Freimuth, W. W., & Genovese, M. C. (2013). Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging Study. The Journal of rheumatology, 40(5), 579–589.

Sigmund, A., & Russell, L. A. (2018). Optimizing Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients for Surgery. Current rheumatology reports, 20(8), 48.

Peter, W. F., Swart, N. M., Meerhoff, G. A., & Vliet Vlieland, T. P. M. (2021). Clinical Practice Guideline for Physical Therapist Management of People with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Physical therapy, 101(8), pzab127.

Downloads

Published

11-07-2024

How to Cite

You, L. (2024). Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current Treatments and Future Outlook. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 102, 577-582. https://doi.org/10.54097/kyqwz095