Alzheimer’s Disease and Stem Cell Therapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54097/hset.v36i.5722Keywords:
Alzheimer’s Disease, Sem cell, Therapy.Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder mainly caused by aggregation of neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques. As the most common cause of dementia, the population of AD patients has risen significantly in recent years. Due to the difficulty to diagnose AD at its early stage and the rapid development of the disease, AD is still an unsolved puzzle in the medical world. Though there are treatments for delaying symptoms of AD such as anti-amyloid therapy and medicine treatments that contain Cholinesterase inhibitors therapy, efficient therapies which treat AD fundamentally are yet to be discovered. The review paper will focus on one of the most promising therapies for AD, stem cell therapy. Compared to slowing down the disease, stem cell therapy can actually help the patients to grow brand-new neurons hence the treatment is pretty worthy to be studied. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are able to develop into new brain cells. There are four types of stem cell therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease: Mesenchymal Stem Cells therapy, Neural Stem Cell therapy, Embryonic Stem Cell therapy, and Induced Pluripotent stem Cell therapy. Among all the stem cell therapies, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) therapy has the most potential to work out due to the successful trials upon rodent animal models. Nevertheless, no stem cell therapy for AD succeeds in human trials so far. Besides, the likelihood of cancer and tumor should also be taken into consideration.
Downloads
References
Weller, Jason, and Andrew Budson. “Current understanding of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and treatment.” F1000Research vol [J]. 7 F1000 Faculty Rev-1161. 31 Jul. 2018
“2021 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures.” Alzheimer's & dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association vol [J]. 17,3 (2021): 327-406.
Tang J. How close is the stem cell cure to the Alzheimer's disease: Future and beyond? Neural Regen Res [J]. 2012 Jan 5;7(1):66-71.
Cummings, Jeffrey L et al. Alzheimer's disease drug-development pipeline: few candidates, frequent failures [J]. Alzheimer's research & therapy vol. 6,4 37. 3 Jul. 2014
Duncan, Thomas, and Michael Valenzuela. Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and stem cell therapy [J]. Stem cell research & therapy vol. 8,1 111. 12 May. 2017
Volarevic, Vladislav et al. Ethical and Safety Issues of Stem Cell-Based Therapy [J]. International journal of medical sciences vol. 15,1 36-45. 1 Jan. 2018
Alzheimer's Association. “Milestones.” Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia, 2019, www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/research progress/milestones.
Crismon, M L. Tacrine: first drug approved for Alzheimer's disease [J]. The Annals of pharmacotherapy vol. 28,6 (1994): 744-51.
Lovestone, S, and R Howard. Alzheimer's disease: a treatment in sight [J]. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry vol. 59,6 (1995): 566-7.
Haake, Andrea et al. An update on the utility and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease [J]. Expert opinion on drug safety vol. 19,2 (2020): 147-157.
Sharma, Kamlesh. Cholinesterase inhibitors as Alzheimer's therapeutics (Review) [J]. Molecular medicine reports vol. 20,2 (2019): 1479-1487.
Nguyen, Kevin et al. Evaluation of rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease [J]. Neurodegenerative disease management vol. 11,1 (2021): 35-48.
Sridhar, Gumpeny Ramachandra. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (Galantamine, Rivastigmine, and Donepezil) [J]. (2021).
Moss, Donald E. Improving Anti-Neurodegenerative Benefits of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease: Are Irreversible Inhibitors the Future [J]. International journal of molecular sciences vol. 21,10 3438. 13 May. 2020
Xu, Hong et al. Long-term Effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors on Cognitive Decline and Mortality [J]. Neurology vol. 96,17 (2021): e2220-e2230.
Serrano-Pozo, Alberto et al. APOE and Alzheimer's disease: advances in genetics, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches [J]. The Lancet. Neurology vol. 20,1 (2021): 68-80.
van Dyck, Christopher H. Anti-Amyloid-β Monoclonal Antibodies for Alzheimer's Disease: Pitfalls and Promise [J]. Biological psychiatry vol. 83,4 (2018): 311-319.
Anna M. Wobus, Potential of embryonic stem cells, Molecular Aspects of Medicine, Volume 22, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 149-164
Hambiliki, Fredwell et al. Co-localization of NANOG and OCT4 in human pre-implantation embryos and in human embryonic stem cells [J]. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics vol. 29,10 (2012): 1021-8.
Wang, Zheng et al. Distinct lineage specification roles for NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 in human embryonic stem cells [J]. Cell stem cell vol. 10,4 (2012): 440-54.
Takahashi, Kazutoshi, and Shinya Yamanaka. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors [J]. Cell vol. 126,4 (2006): 663-76.
Cowan, Carrie R, and Anthony A Hyman. Asymmetric cell division in C. elegans: cortical polarity and spindle positioning [J]. Annual review of cell and developmental biology vol. 20 (2004): 427-53.
Tenenhaus, C et al. PIE-1 is a bifunctional protein that regulates maternal and zygotic gene expression in the embryonic germ line of Caenorhabditis elegans [J]. Genes & development vol. 15,8 (2001): 1031-40.
Schubert, C M et al. MEX-5 and MEX-6 function to establish soma/germline asymmetry in early C. elegans embryos [J]. Molecular cell vol. 5,4 (2000): 671-82.
Verma, Daksh. Stem Cells: Self-Renewal and Potency [J]. Medium, 18 Feb. 2019, medium.com/@dverma1369/stem-cells-self-renewal-and-potency-f8ad912ae844.
Tarlinton, David. 2012. B-cell differentiation: instructive one day, stochastic the next [J]. Current biology: CB, no. 7 (10).
Grochowski, Cezary et al. Neural stem cell therapy-Brief review [J]. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery vol. 173 (2018): 8-14.
Yamasaki, Tritia R et al. Neural stem cells improve memory in an inducible mouse model of neuronal loss [J]. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience vol. 27,44 (2007): 11925-33.
Lee, Il-Shin et al. Human neural stem cells alleviate Alzheimer-like pathology in a mouse model [J]. Molecular neurodegeneration vol. 10 38. 21 Aug. 2015
Bae, Jae-sung et al. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells contribute to the reduction of amyloid-β deposits and the improvement of synaptic transmission in a mouse model of pre-dementia Alzheimer's disease [J]. Current Alzheimer research vol. 10,5 (2013): 524-31.
Volarevic, Vladislav et al. Ethical and Safety Issues of Stem Cell-Based Therapy [J]. International journal of medical sciences vol. 15,1 36-45. 1 Jan. 2018
Acharya, Munjal M et al. Rescue of radiation-induced cognitive impairment through cranial transplantation of human embryonic stem cells [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 106,45 (2009): 19150-5.
Armijo, Enrique et al. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Precursors Improve Memory, Synaptic and Pathological Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease [J]. Cells vol. 10,7 1802. 16 Jul. 2021
Lin Y, Chen G. Embryoid body formation from human pluripotent stem cells in chemically defined E8 media [J]. 2014 Jun 1. In: StemBook [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Harvard Stem Cell Institute; 2008-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK424234/
Armijo, Enrique et al. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Precursors Improve Memory, Synaptic and Pathological Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease [J]. Cells vol. 10,7 1802. 16 Jul. 2021
Yahata, Naoki et al. Anti-Aβ drug screening platform using human iPS cell-derived neurons for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease [J]. PloS one vol. 6,9 (2011): e25788.
Scarfone, R.A., Pena, S.M., Russell, K.A. et al. The use of induced pluripotent stem cells in domestic animals: a narrative review [J]. BMC Vet Res 16, 477 (2020).
Fujiwara, Naruyoshi et al. Restoration of spatial memory dysfunction of human APP transgenic mice by transplantation of neuronal precursors derived from human iPS cells [J]. Neuroscience letters vol. 557 Pt B (2013): 129-34.
Office of the Commissioner. FDA Warns about Stem Cell Therapies [J]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3 Sept. 2019, www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/fda-warns-about-stem-cell-therapies.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
