The Research on the Synthesis Method of Sulphonamide and the Scheme for Improving the Synthesis Technology

Abstract

Sulphonamides, as one of the earliest classes of synthetic antibacterial agents, remain essential in pharmaceutical and chemical industries due to their broad-spectrum activity and versatile applications. This study reviews the classical multi-step synthesis of sulphanilamide, analyzing its reaction mechanisms, operational limitations, and environmental challenges, including high energy consumption, low yield, and the formation of toxic by-products. Through laboratory validation, the traditional route was confirmed to be feasible but inefficient, motivating the exploration of innovative synthesis technologies. Based on a comparative literature review, this paper examines three contemporary optimization strategies: continuous flow technology (CFT), green chemistry (GC), and electrochemical synthesis (ECS). Continuous flow technology improves reaction control, safety, and scalability; green chemistry promotes atom economy and environmental sustainability; and electrochemical synthesis introduces a waste-free, catalyst-efficient approach suitable for industrial application. Case studies from leading enterprises demonstrate that these methods significantly enhance product yield, reduce carbon emissions, and lower resource consumption. Despite these advancements, standardization, high equipment cost, and interdisciplinary technical barriers remain key challenges. The study concludes that integrating automation, artificial intelligence, and modular electrochemical systems may further advance sulphonamide synthesis toward sustainable industrial production.