Study on the Effects of Bile Salts on Production Performance and Lipid Metabolism of Simmental Crossbred Cattle
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54097/nwtnyq11Keywords:
bile salts, beef cattle, production performance, blood indicators, lipid metabolism.Abstract
This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of supplementing different doses of bile salts in the diet on the production performance, blood biochemical indicators, and antioxidant capacity of Simmental crossbred cattle. Eighty healthy Simmental crossbred bulls with similar body weight and age were selected and randomly divided into four groups under identical feeding conditions: a control group and three experimental groups (I, II, III), with 20 bulls per group, comprising 10 replicates of 2 bulls each. The diets were supplemented with 0, 15, 25, and 35 mg/kg DM of bile salts, respectively, while maintaining equivalent net energy for gain and crude protein levels. After a 10-day pre-trial period and a 30-day formal trial period (40 days total), the average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (FI), blood indicators, blood biochemical indicators, and antioxidant indicators were determined for each group. The results showed that dry matter intake increased in all supplemented groups compared to the control, peaking in the 25 mg/kg group. The ADG was highest in the 25 mg/kg group, showing a 9.09% increase compared to the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Dietary supplementation with 25–35 mg/kg of bile salts improved the lipid metabolism status of beef cattle and showed a positive regulatory trend on production performance. Regarding blood indicators, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the 35 mg/kg group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and bile acid levels showed an upward trend across all supplemented groups. No significant differences were observed in the antioxidant indicators among the groups (P > 0.05). The results indicate that dietary supplementation with 25–35 mg/kg of bile salts can improve the lipid metabolism status of beef cattle and exhibits a positive regulatory trend on production performance.
Downloads
References
[1] Lefebvre P, Cariou B, Lien F, et al. Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation [J]. Physiol Rev, 2009, 89(1): 147-191.
[2] Zhang B, Sun Z, Yu Z, et al. Transcriptome and targeted metabolome analysis provide insights into bile acids' new roles and mechanisms on fat deposition and meat quality in lamb [J]. Food Res Int, 2022, 162: 111941.
[3] Liu J, Zhang K, Zhao M, et al. Dietary bile acids alleviate corticosterone-induced fatty liver and hepatic glucocorticoid receptor suppression in broiler chickens [J]. J Anim Sci, 2024, 102: skae338.
[4] Fan FX, Wu FC, Guo ZY, et al. Supplementation with ursodeoxycholic acid and bile salt benefits lactation performance, health, and rumen and fecal microbiota of transition dairy cows [J/OL]. J Dairy Sci, 2025, 108(6): 5982-5996.
[5] Chen Y, Yuan C, Yang T, et al. Effects of bile acid supplementation on lactation performance, nutrient intake, antioxidative status, and serum biochemistry in mid-lactation dairy cows [J]. Animals, 2024, 14(2): 290.
[6] Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China. Announcement No. 2045 of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China – Announcement on the publication of the revised "Catalogue of Feed Additive Varieties (2013)" [EB/OL]. [2013-12-30].
[7] Wu Minghai. Study on the feeding effect of adding bile salts to dairy cow diet [D]. Shihezi University, 2019.
[8] General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture. Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture on issuing the "Guidelines for the Evaluation of Efficacy of Feeds and Feed Additives on Target Animals of Livestock and Poultry (Trial)" and the "Guidelines for the Evaluation of Tolerance of Feeds and Feed Additives on Target Animals of Livestock and Poultry (Trial)" (Agriculture Office Animal Husbandry [2011] No. 21) [A/OL]. (2011-06-17).
[9] Sayin SI, Wahlström A, Felin J, et al. Gut microbiota regulates bile acid metabolism by reducing the levels of tauro-beta-muricholic acid, a naturally occurring FXR antagonist [J]. Cell Metab, 2013, 17(2): 225-235.
[10] Watanabe M, Houten SM, Wang L, et al. Bile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1c [J]. J Clin Invest, 2004, 113(10): 1408-1418.
[11] Li L, Li J, Liu Z, et al. Effects of supplementing bile acids on the production performance, fatty acid and bile acid composition, and gut microbiota in transition dairy cows[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2025, 16(5): 2152-2169.
[12] Russell D W. The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis [J]. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 2003, 72: 137-174.
[13] Dicks L, Schuh-von Graevenitz K, Prehn C, et al. Bile acid profiles and mRNA abundance of bile acid-related genes in adipose tissue of dairy cows with high versus normal body condition [J]. J Dairy Sci, 2024, 107(8): 6288-6307.
[14] Thomas C, Gioiello A, Noriega L, et al. TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis [J]. Cell Metab, 2009, 10(3): 167-177.
[15] Du X, Liu M, Trevisi E, et al. Expression of hepatic genes involved in bile acid metabolism in dairy cows with fatty liver [J]. J Dairy Sci, 2024, 107(10): 8629-8641.
[16] McGuckin MM, Giesy SL, Overton TR, et al.Inflammatory tone in liver and adipose tissue in dairy cows experiencing a healthy transition from late pregnancy to early lactation [J]. J Dairy Sci, 2023, 106(11): 8122-8132.
[17] Schneider KM, Albers S, Trautwein C. Role of bile acids in the gut-liver axis [J]. J Hepatol, 2018, 68(5): 1083-1085.
[18] Hess HD, Lascano CE, Flórez H. Blood and milk urea nitrogen as a tool to monitor the protein nutrition of cattle under tropical conditions [J]. J Dairy Sci, 2000, 80: 1-6.
[19] Belhadj Slimen I, Najar T, Ghram A, et al. Heat stress effects on livestock: molecular, cellular and metabolic aspects, a review [J]. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl), 2016, 100(3): 401-412.
[20] Halli K, Cohrs I, Brügemann K, Koch C, König S. Effects of temperature-humidity index on blood metabolites of German dairy cows and their female calves [J]. J Dairy Sci, 2023, 106(10): 7281-7294.
[21] Ayala A, Muñoz MF, Argüelles S. Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4‑hydroxy‑2‑nonenal [J]. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2014, 2014(1): 360438.
[22] Niki E. Lipid peroxidation: physiological levels and dual biological effects [J]. Free Radic Biol Med, 2009, 47(5): 469-484.
[23] Wasserstein RL, Schirm AL, Lazar NA. Moving to a world beyond “p < 0.05” [J]. Am Stat, 2019, 73(sup1): 1-19.
[24] Cai SY, Ouyang X, Chen Y, et al. Bile acids initiate cholestatic liver injury by triggering a hepatocyte-specific inflammatory response [J]. JCI Insight, 2017, 2(5): e90780.
[25] Sies H. Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine [J]. Redox Biol, 2015, 4: 180-183.
[26] Ridlon JM, Gaskins HR. Another renaissance for bile acid gastrointestinal microbiology [J]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2024, 21(5): 348-364.
[27] Brzezinska-Slebodzinska E, Miller JK, Quigley III JD, et al. Antioxidant status of dairy cows supplemented prepartum with vitamin E and selenium [J]. J Dairy Sci, 1994, 77(10): 3087-3095.
[28] Xie C, Long C, Wu X, et al. Effect of maternal supplementation with chitosan oligosaccharide on the antioxidant capacity in suckling piglets [J]. J Anim Sci, 2016, 94(suppl_3): 453-456.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
