Examining the Environmental Impacts of Coal Mining in China

Abstract

Coal remains the primary energy source in China despite its declining role in global energy consumption. While coal mining ensures energy security and economic growth, it has substantial environmental consequences. This study synthesizes secondary data and peer-reviewed literature to examine three major impacts of coal mining: geological disruption, water resource depletion and pollution, and atmospheric contamination. Results show that underground mining causes land subsidence and topographical deformation, while groundwater pumping accelerates aquifer depletion and acid mine drainage formation. Additionally, spontaneous combustion of coal gangue and emissions of SO₂, NOₓ, CO, and CH₄ contribute to severe air pollution and climate change. The analysis highlights the urgent need for improved mine water management, land reclamation, and methane mitigation strategies. Future research should integrate field-based monitoring with multi-dimensional ecological assessments to provide a scientific basis for sustainable mining practices and low-carbon transitions.