Formaldehyde-Free Phase Change Microcapsules: Green Design, Functionalization, and Application Progress

Shuyang Chen

doi:10.54097/tgc61c92

Authors

Shuyang Chen

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54097/tgc61c92

Keywords:

PCMs, formaldehyde-free, smart textiles.

Abstract

Phase change microcapsules (PCMs) represent an advanced functional material that encapsulates phase change materials within miniature protective shells. This unique characteristic endows them with significant application potential and value across diverse fields, including smart textiles, electronic thermal management, solar energy utilization, and healthcare. However, the traditionally widely used melamine-formaldehyde resin shell systems pose potential formaldehyde emission issues, which severely restrict their deployment in sensitive scenarios such as indoor environments, biomedical applications, and food engineering. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of formaldehyde-free phase change microcapsules, with a focus on environmentally benign shell material systems represented by acrylic resins, polyurethanes, polyureas, silica, and natural polymers, and their corresponding fabrication processes. It analyzes and compares the key properties of various formaldehyde-free microcapsules, including encapsulation efficiency, thermal performance, mechanical strength, and durability. The potential and adaptability of these materials in different application fields are also summarized. Finally, this paper discusses the current challenges in the industrialization of formaldehyde-free phase change microcapsule technology, such as cost containment, scalable production, and long-term stability. Prospects for future research directions are outlined, aiming to provide theoretical references and a systematic review for the development of next-generation safe and high-performance phase change materials.

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