Performance Trade-off and System Evolution Analysis of Wireless Power Supply and Signal Transmission Technology for Implantable Biosensor Systems

Abstract

As more and more wireless battery-free implants are required in such areas as brain-computer interfaces and precision medicine, it is important to choose an adequate energy and data link. In order to meet this requirement, this research systematic compare three popular wireless technologies in the implantable bioelectronic devices: electromagnetic coupling, radio frequency radiation and ultrasound. This paper first develops a compact evaluation framework based on three fundamental dimensions: power supply efficiency and safety, communication performance and robustness, and system integration with miniaturization. Next, we perform detailed analysis of the principles behind each technology, its inherent limitations and state-of-the-art system architectures with their optimization approaches. The comparative study indicates that electromagnetic coupling is superior in terms of system integration density and intelligent power management, radio frequency radiation has excellent interference resistance as a dedicated communication link in hybrid systems, and ultrasound technology has great potential in deep-tissue safety and receiver miniaturization. This work not only presents a clear performance matrix for technology selection for different implantation scenarios but also gives directions towards dust-sized integration, heterogeneous fusion and adaptive networking.