Analysis the Construction Age of Mogao Cave 3 was in the Yuan Dynasty rather than Xixia(1038-1227)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v4i2.1622Keywords:
Mogao Cave 3, Xixia(1038-1227), Yuan Dynasty, Khara-Khoto.Abstract
The fine wall murals in Mogao Cave 3 are the representative works of the late grottoes. About its era, there are many debates between the theories of the Yuan dynasty and Xixia(1038-1227) dynasty. The Xixia(1038-1227) spokesmen put forward five evidence, namely, the restoration of the ancient law by line-drawing, the popularity of the belief in the esoteric buddhism of Avalokitešvara,,the prosperity of Dunhuang in the Xixia(1038-1227) and the decline of the Yuan Dynasty, the similarity between the Avalokitešvara images in the grottoes and the “ Avalokitešvara images in the Xixia(1038-1227)” unearthed in Khara-Khoto, and the similarity between the murals in the grottoes and the art of the Eastern Thousand-buddha Cave 7 in Guazhou which be identified as the Xixia(1038-1227) murals..In fact, none of these five evidences can be established, which in turn helps to prove that Mogao Grottoes Cave 3 is a Yuan Dynasty grotto. In addition, the feature of flying in Mogao Cave 3 is a long-lost Western Asian style, which is related to the status of the Semu people in the Yuan Dynasty. In the painting, the elements of the Taoist murals permeated in the Buddha's garment, and the Bodhisattva image appeared obvious secular tendency. From a historical point of view, since the Binwang royal family of Mongolia was stationed in Guazhou and Shazhou in the Yuan Dynasty, large-scale land reclamation was implemented here, resulting in a significant improvement in the political status and economic development of the two regions compared with the Xixia(1038-1227). It can be concluded that the Mogao Grottoes 3 was constructed in the Yuan Dynasty rather than Xixia(1038-1227).
Downloads
References
LIANG Yuying : Dunhuang Grottoes Art · Mogao Grottoes No.464,3,95,149 ( Yuan dynasty ) ', Nanjing : Jiangsu Fine Arts Publishing House, 1997, p. 23.
YANG Fuxue＆LIU Jing: Yulin Cave 3 was constructed on the Xixia Adherents in the Yuan Dynasty, Dunhuang Research,2022,No.4, ( to be published ).
DUAN Wenjie: Late period of Mogao Grottoes Art ', Dunhuang Research edited (Volume 5) of Chinese Grottoes · Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes , Beijing : Cultural Relics Press, 1987, p. 174 ; duan Wenjie : ' Late Mogao Grottoes Art ', ' Dunhuang Research ' No. 3,1985, p. 15.
LI Yuebo: Viewing the Artistic Achievements of Chinese Line Drawing from Cave 3 of Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang Studies, No. 2, 2001, p. 16.
JIN Zhongqun :A Preliminary Study on the Mural Art of Yuan Dynasty in Dunhuang Qianfodong No.3 Cave, Art, 1992,No.2. p. 64-67; WANG Huiqin : The Light of Spirit - The Artistic Features of the Yuan Dynasty Murals in the Third Cave of Dunhuang Thousand Buddha Cave , The Journal of Beauty and Times Fine Arts, No. 10,2009, pp. 75-76 ; HAO Xiuli :Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes third cave thousand hands thousand eyes watching audiovisual plastic arts ', ' contemporary art ' 2011 No.3, p. 51-52. These papers are mostly focused on the description of mural art achievements, the argument is based on ' Ganzhou Shi Xiao Yu Bi ' notes, it is difficult to establish.
GUAN Youhui : Dunhuang Grottoes mural decoration style and related issues in Song and Xixia dynasty, Dunhuang Academy edited ,2004, Grotto Research International Academic Conference Papers ' ( II ), Shanghai : Shanghai Ancient Book Publishing House, 2006, p. 1110-141.
SHA Wutian＆LI Guo: Mogao Cave 3 was constructed in the Xixia Dynasty, Dunhuang Research, No.4,2013, p. 1-11.
SHI Weixiang: The mural art of Mogao Grottoes and Yulin Grottoes in Tang dynasty,the Period of Five Dynasties,Xixia Dynasty and Yuan dynasty, The Complete Works of Chinese Fine Arts · Painting Series 15 Dunhuang Frescoes ( 2 ), Shanghai : Shanghai People ’ s Art Publishing House, 1985, p. 192. HE Shizhe : ' Look at the construction time of some caves in Mogao Grottoes from the record of the supporters, The record of the supporters of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang ' edited by Dunhuang Research Institute, Beijing : Cultural Relics Press, 1986, p. 233 ; Su Bai : ' Tibetan Buddhist Relics in Yulin and Mogao Grottoes, aboriginal 'Tibetan Buddhist Temple Archaeology', Beijing : Cultural Relics Press, 1996, p. 247 ; LIANG Weiying : Dunhuang Grottoes Art · Mogao Grottoes 464,3,95,149 ( Yuan ) ', Nanjing : Jiangsu Art Publishing House, 1997, p. 23 ; REN Jiquan : Shi Xiaoyu and Qianshou Qianyan Guanyin murals, Silk Road No.17,2010, p. 58-61.
HUO Xiliang : The New Division of the Mogao Grottoes Uighur and Xixia Grottoes ', ' The Summary of the 1994 Dunhuang International Symposium Papers ', Dunhuang Academy, 1994, p. 54 ; Guan Youhui : ' Dunhuang Song Xixia Grottoes mural decoration style and related issues ', Dunhuang Research Institute edited ' 2004 Grotto Research International Academic Conference Papers ' ( II ), Shanghai : Shanghai Ancient Book Publishing House, 2006, pp.1136-1137 ; shawutian and Li Guo : The third cave of Mogao Grottoes is the research of Xixia Grottoes, Dunhuang Research, No.4,2013, p. 4-5.
YANG Fuxue : Call in Question to ' xixia art style ' in Dunhuang grottoes ', ' Heihe College journal ' 2019 issue 10, p. 26-29.
LIU Yuquan : Xixia Cave Periodization about Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Anxi Yulin Grottoes, Dunhuang Research Collection, Lanzhou : Gansu People 's Publishing House, 1982, pp. 273-318.
SHA Wutian＆LI Guo: Mogao Cave 3 was constructed in the Xixia Dynasty, Dunhuang Research ', No.4,2013, pp.10-11.
YANG Fuxue＆LIU Jing : Yulin Cave 3 was constructed on the Xixia Adherents in the Yuan Dynasty, Dunhuang Studies Issue 4, 2022 ( to be published ).
WEI Ping＆YANG Fuxue, Eastern thousand-buddha Cave 2 reconstructed in Yuan Dynasty raher than Xixia Dynasty. (to be published).
Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes Content Directory edited by Dunhuang Cultural Relics Research Institute, Beijing : Cultural Relics Press,1982, p.1.
Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes Content Directory edited by Dunhuang Cultural Relics Research Institute, Beijing : Cultural Relics Press,1996,p5.
Tian- xi-zai translated:Fo-shuo-da-mo-li-zhi-pu-sa-jing, Da Zhengzang, No.1257,p267a.
Tian- xi-zai translated:Fo-shuo-da-mo-li-zhi-pu-sa-jing, Da Zhengzang, No.1257,p267a.
LIU Yongzeng:Mandala Image Explanation of Molizhitian in Dunhuang Grottoes ', ' Dunhuang Research ' 2013 No. 5, pp. 1-11.
LIU Yongzeng: Mandala Image Explanation of Molizhitian in Dunhuang Grottoes ', ' Dunhuang Research, No. 5,2013,p10.
Western Regions Art : British Museum ( 1 ), Tokyo : Lectures Society, 1982, Fig.18-1.
Taipei Palace Museum Editorial Board ' Guanyin Special Exhibition ', Taipei : Palace Museum, 2000, p. 58-59.
SHA Wutian＆LI Guo: Mogao Cave 3 was constructed in the Xixia Dynasty, Dunhuang Research, 2013, o.4, p.61.
SHA Wutian＆LI Guo: Mogao Cave 3 was constructed in the Xixia Dynasty, Dunhuang Research, 2013, o.4, NO.4, p.6.
XU Chang:Textual Research on the Fragments of The General Mirror of Zizhi from the North Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang Research, 2011, No.5, pp.71-72.:
YANG Fuxue＆LIU Jing : ' Rediscussing Yulin Cave 3 as the royal cave of Yuan Dynasty rather than the royal cave of Xixia ', ' Image History Research ' 2022 No. 2 ( to be published ).
YANG Fuxue ＆ ZHANG Haijuan: The Mongolian Lord Bin Family and the Northwest Border Defense of the Yuan Dynasty, A Study of the History and Geography of China 's Border Areas ', 2012, No.2, pp. 31-32 ; YANG Fuxue ＆ ZHANG Haijuan: From Lord Bin of Mongolia to Grand Chief of Yugur, Gansu Culture Press, 2017, pp. 79-81.
LI Yongning: Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes Inscriptions and Related Issues ( 2 ), Dunhuang Research, 1982,No.2,p.110-114.
YANG Fuxue: Yugur and the Late Dunhuang Grottoes ', ' Dunhuang Studies , No. 6,2017, p. 52-53.
SHI Jinbo＆Nie Hongyin＆BAI Bin annotation: Tiansheng Revision of the Old and New Laws, Beijing : Law Press, 1999, pp. 529-531.
Maria L. Rudova, “The Chinese style paintings from Khara Khoto”, Mikhail Piotrovesky (ed.), Lost Empire of the Silk Road. Buddhist Art from Khara Khoto (X-XIIIth Century), Electa: Thyssen-Bornemiza Foundation, 1993, p. 89.
E. И. Кычанов, “Аосударство и буддизм в Си Ся”, Л. П. Делюсин (еd.), Буδδцзм ц ιосуδарсмво на Далънем восмоке, Mосква: Наука, 1987,стр. 143.
Л. П. Mеныпиков, Омцсанце кцмаǔскоǔ часмц коллекццц цз Xара-xомо <фонδ Π. К. Козлова.>，Mосква: Наука, 1984, стр. 29.
Kira Fyodorovna Samosyuk，The Art of the Tangut Empire.A Historical and Stylistic Interpretation, Mikhail Piotrovesky (ed.), Lost Empire of the Silk Road.Buddhist Art from Khara Khoto(X-XIIIth Century), Electa: Thyssen-Bornemiza Foundation, 1993, p. 82.
Robert Bruce-Gardner, “Some Observations on Comparative Technique Tibetan Style Paintings from Khara Khoto”, Mikhail Piotrovesky (ed.), Lost Empire of the Silk Road. Buddhist Art from Khara Khoto (X-XIIIth Century), Electa: Thyssen-Bornemiza Foundation, 1993, p. 100.
Kira Fyodorovna Samosyuk, “The Art of the Tangut Empire. A Historical and Stylistic Interpretation”, Mikhail Piotrovesky (ed.), Lost Empire of the Silk Road. Buddhist Art from Khara Khoto (X-XIIIth Century), Electa: Thyssen-Bornemiza Foundation, 1993, p. 66.
YANG Fuxue : Yugur and the Late Dunhuang Grottoes , Dunhuang Studies, 2017,No. 6, p. 52-53
SHI Jinbo : A Study of Buddhism in Xixia ', Yinchuan : Ningxia People 's Publishing House, 1988, p. 169.
HE Song : A Study of Buddhism in Xixia ', Yinchuan : Ningxia People 's Publishing House, 1988, p. 169.
SHAO Jun: Overview of World Buddhist Painting Art ', ' World Buddhist Art Dictionary · Painting 1 ', Kaohsiung : Fo Guang Shan Zong Committee, 2013, p.18.
GAO Liangquan: On the Reasons for the Prosperity of Quanzhen Doctrine in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Journal of Shandong University ( Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition ) ,2001, No.2, p. 36.
XIE Fangde ,Die-shan-ji ,Song-fang-bo-zai-gui-san-shan-xu,Vol.4,No.6.
SHA Wutian＆LI Guo: Mogao Cave 3 was constructed in the Xixia Dynasty, Dunhuang Research, 2013, o.4, NO.4, p.6.
YANG Fuxue, : Mogao Cave 61 Corridor Murals constructed by Xixia adherents in Yuan Dynasty , Xi-xia-xue 2017 No. 2 ( Total No. 15 ), Lanzhou : Gansu Culture Press. Yang Fuxue, Liu Jing : ' Yulin Cave 3 was constructed on the Xixia Adherents in the Yuan Dynasty , Dunhuang Research, No.4, 2022 ( to be published ).Yang Fuxue and Liu Jing : Rediscussing Yulin Cave 3 as the royal cave of Yuan Dynasty rather than the royal cave of Xixia , Image History Research,2022 No. 2
ZHANG Yonglu, : Semu people in the Yuan Dynasty and cultural exchanges between China and the West ', ' Journal of Northwest University ', 1986, No.2, 18-24 ,Stephen G. Haw, The Semu ren in the Yuan Empire – who were they? Paper presented at the conference ‘Mobility and Transformations: New Directions in the Study of the Mongol Empire’ (Joint Research Conference of the Institute for Advanced Studies and the Israel Science Foundation), Jerusalem, June 29-July 4, 2014.
SONG Lian,etc.: Metahistory • Geography ,Beijing, Zhong-hua book company,1976,p.1245.
Chuantian Shanzhi 's ‘Semuren’ ‘Mixiang-Yuanno Domination Policy ’ Shinika No.11 2001, 16-21; Stephen G. Haw, The Semu ren in the Yuan Empire – who were they? Paper presented at the conference ‘Mobility and Transformations: New Directions in the Study of the Mongol Empire’ (Joint Research Conference of the Institute for Advanced Studies and the Israel Science Foundation), Jerusalem, June 29-July 4, 2014.
YANG Fuxue, Dunhuang Islamic Culture in the Yuan Dynasty, Dunhuang Studies, No.2,2018, pp.11-21.
TANG lin: Commentary on Chinese Painting Theory • Yuan Dynasty Volume, ZHAO Mengfu,Ding-wu-lan-ting-ba,Wuhan, Hubei Fine Arts Publishing House,2009,p27.
YU Anlan, Painting Theory Series,YUN Ge,Nan-tian-hua-ba, Beijing, People 's Art Publishing House,1963,p183.
BATU Jirigala＆ YANG Haiying ,WANG Dafang (proofreading), Arzhai Grotto, Cultural Relic Protection Management, Erdos, Otog Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,2006,p96.
LI Yumeng : ' Inner Mongolia Alzhai grotto 28-31 grotto murals observation ', ' Northern National Archaeology ' episode 1, Beijing : Science Press, 2014, p. 354.
DONG Xiaorong,Study on the Burial Customs of Mongolians and Six Roads in Cave 31 of Alzhai Grottoes ', ' Religious Studies ' No. 4,2019, p. 112.
LI Shaobing, Alzhai Grottoes, Inner Mongolia Cultural Relics Archaeology ,2010, No. 2, p.109.
Batujiri Gala, Yang Haiying indigenous, Wang Dafang audit school ' Alzhai grottoes ', Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Ordos City, Etuoke Banner Cultural Relics Protection Institute, Alzhai grottoes Protection Institute, 2006, p. 72-73.
SHAO Jun: Overview of World Buddhist Painting Art , World Buddhist Art Dictionary · Painting 1 , Kaohsiung : Fo Guang Shan
HAN Qi＆HOU Xinghai, The Role of Confucianism, Taoism and Chan in Yuan Dynasty Painting, Art Observation, No. 9, 1998, p. 62.
ZHANG Yinong＆JING Kunjun : Yongle Palace, Taiyuan : Shanxi People ' s Publishing House, 2006, p. 45.
ZHANG Yinong＆JING Kunjun : Yongle Palace, Taiyuan : Shanxi People ' s Publishing House, 2006, p. 47.
XING Yaolong＆YANG Fuxue : The fourth cave of Yulin Grottoes is the new evidence of the cave of Yuan Dynasty , ' Art History Research ' Issue 26, Guangzhou : Zhongshan University Press, 2021, pp. 101-102.
‘The Transformation of the Image of the Twenty-eight Stars’ in Chinese Paintings - A Case Study of the Murals of Yongle Palace in the Yuan Dynasty and the Water-and-Land Paintings of Baoning Temple in the Ming Dynasty, "Discussion with Artists, Number 10, 2008, p. 35.2008,No.10, p35.
Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes Content Directory edited by Dunhuang Cultural Relics Research Institute, Beijing : Cultural Relics Press, 1982, p. 21.Shi Weixiang:’The mural art of Mogao Grottoes and Yulin Grottoes in Tang dynasty,the Period of Five Dynasties,Xixia Dynasty and Yuan dynasty ’,‘ The Complete Works of Chinese Fine Arts · Painting Series 15 Dunhuang Frescoes ’ ( 2 ), Shanghai : Shanghai People ’ s Art Publishing House, 1985, p. 192 ( Revenue ’ Indigenous ’ Studies on Dunhuang History and Mogao Grottoes Art ’, Lanzhou : Gansu Education Press, 2002, p. 328 ).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
