“We are Children of the Dragon”: Hakka Heritage and the Negotiation of Chinese Caribbean Identity in Easton Lee’s Poetry

Authors

  • Yanrong Tang School of Foreign Languages, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
  • Ping Su Think Tank for Blue Humanities and Sustainable Development, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54097/9k4z6x64

Keywords:

Easton Lee, Heritage Call: Ballad for the Children of the Dragon, Hakka Culture, Chinese-Caribbean identity

Abstract

This article examines the Hakka cultural inheritance and identity negotiations in Easton Lee's Heritage Call: Ballad for the Children of the Dragon. It argues that the collection of poems constructs Chinese-Jamaican identity through the interplay of ancestral memory, everyday practice and relational belonging. The article first explores ways of reimagining the Hakka ancestral homeland as a narrated and ethically charged space, rather than as a fixed origin of return. It then looks at the way in which Lee presents food, rituals, language and shop routines as embodied practices of cultural transmission. Finally, it shows how Hakka heritage is negotiated in Jamaican family and community lives. Ultimately, Lee's poetry imagines Chinese Jamaican belonging as a creolised formation rooted in memory, performance, and translation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1] Assmann, J. (2011). Cultural memory and early civilization: Writing, remembrance, and political imagination. Cambridge University Press.

[2] Bohr, A. C. (2004). Identity in transition: Chinese community associations in Jamaica. Caribbean Quarterly, 50(2), 44–73.

[3] Brah, A. (1996). Cartographies of diaspora: Contesting identities. Routledge.

[4] Connerton, P. (1989). How societies remember. Cambridge University Press.

[5] Constable, N. (1996). Guest people: Hakka identity in China and abroad. University of Washington Press.

[6] Glissant, É. (1997). Poetics of relation (B. Wing, Trans.). University of Michigan Press.

[7] Goffe, T. L. (2014). Thrice diasporized: The emergence of Caribbean Chinese diasporic anglophone literature. sx salon, 15. http://smallaxe.net/sxsalon/discussions/thrice-diasporized

[8] Green, C. A. (2017). A historical and comparative survey of the Chinese presence in the Latin American and Caribbean region, with a focus on the Anglophone Caribbean. Journal of Chinese Overseas, 13 (2), 206–243.

[9] Hall, S. (2019). Essential essays, volume 2: Identity and diaspora (D. Morley, Ed.). Duke University Press.

[10] Huang, S., & Su, P. (2021). Social networks, identity negotiation, and segregated integration in Hannah Low’s Long Time No See. Caribbean Quarterly, 67(1–2), 57–79.

[11] Igartuburu García, E. (2024). Affect, performativity, and Chinese diasporas in the Caribbean: Hopeful futures. Routledge.

[12] Lai, W. L. (1998). The Chinese in the West Indies, 1806–1995: A documentary history. University of the West Indies Press.

[13] Lai, W. L., & Tan, C.-B. (2010). The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean. Brill.

[14] Lee, E. (2001). Heritage call: Ballad for the children of the dragon. Ian Randle Publishers.

[15] Lee, M. A. (2004). They never looked back: The role of the Hakka women in Jamaica. Caribbean Quarterly, 50(2), 74–80.

[16] Lee-Loy, A.-M. (2010). Searching for Mr. Chin: Constructions of nation and the Chinese in West Indian literature. Temple University Press.

[17] Leong, S.-T. (1985). The Hakka Chinese of Lingnan: Ethnicity and social change in modern times. In D. Pong & E. S. K. Fung (Eds.), Ideal and reality: Social and political change in modern China, 1860–1949 (pp. 287–327). University Press of America.

[18] Leong, S.-T. (1997). Migration and ethnicity in Chinese history: Hakkas, Pengmin, and their neighbors (T. Wright, Ed.). Stanford University Press.

[19] Lowe, H. (2015). Long time no see. Periscope.

[20] Lowe, H. (2016). Chan. Bloodaxe Books.

[21] Mehta, B. (2009). Notions of identity, diaspora, and gender in Caribbean women’s writing. Palgrave Macmillan.

[22] Nettleford, R. (2004). The book launch of Easton Lee’s “Encounters”. Caribbean Quarterly, 50(2), 91–93.

[23] Nora, P. (1989). Between memory and history: Les lieux de mémoire. Representations, 26, 7–24.

[24] Prater, T. T. (2014, February). “Let me tell you how I began”: A conversation with Easton Lee. sx salon, 15. https://smallaxe.net/sxsalon/discussions/let-me-tell-you-how-i-began

[25] Prater, T. T. (2014). Labrish and mooncakes: The meeting of vernaculars in the work of Easton Lee. Small Axe, 18(1), 149–160.

[26] Safran, W. (1991). Diasporas in modern societies: Myths of homeland and return. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 1(1), 83–99.

[27] Su, P. (2021a). Voices and visions. Caribbean Quarterly, 67(1–2), 9–17.

[28] Su, P. (2021b). The Chinese shop and carnival: Contested spaces for negotiating belonging in Willi Chen’s fiction. Caribbean Quarterly, 67(1–2), 38–56.

[29] Su, P. (2023). The Chinese Caribbean diaspora and performative subjectivity in Jan Lowe Shinebourne’s The Last Ship. Neohelicon, 50, 191–205.

[30] Wong, J. (2018). On home, belongingness, and multicultural Britain: A conversation with Hannah Lowe. World Literature Today, 92(2), 14–17.

[31] Wong, J. (2020). Hannah Lowe and Sarah Howe: Multicultural heritage and questions of identity. English: Journal of the English Association, 69(266), 246–269.

Downloads

Published

16 August 2026

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Tang, Y., & Su, P. (2026). “We are Children of the Dragon”: Hakka Heritage and the Negotiation of Chinese Caribbean Identity in Easton Lee’s Poetry. International Journal of Education and Humanities, 24(2), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.54097/9k4z6x64