Progress of CTLA-4 and PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Treatment for Colorectal Cancer

Zhangyi Yang; Yifan Zhang

doi:10.54097/hset.v8i.1216

Authors

Zhangyi Yang
Yifan Zhang

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54097/hset.v8i.1216

Keywords:

Cancer Immunology, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor, CTLA-4, PD-1, Colorectal Cancer.

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common type of cancer, with approximately 149,500 new cases in 2021. Colorectal cancer can be caused by genetic mutations, bacterial and viral infections, and second-hand smoke. In metastatic CRC (mCRC), only patients with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) benefit from current therapeutic approaches. 95% of the patients with proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) or microsatellite stable (MSS) mCRC still have poor prognostic outcomes. Conventional surgical treatment cannot meet patients' expectations for treatment effect and prognosis. Therefore, innovative approaches are needed to develop effective immunotherapy for these patients. This article introduces the mechanisms of action and clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in colorectal cancer, especially CTLA-4 and PD-1.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Esfahani, K., Roudaia, L., Del Rincon, S. V., Papneja, N., & Miller, W. H. (2020). A Review of Cancer Immunotherapy: From the Past, to the Present, to the Future. Current Oncology, 27(12), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.27.5223

Dobosz, P., & Dzieciątkowski, T. (2019). The Intriguing History of Cancer Immunotherapy. Frontiers in Immunology, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02965

Ipilimumab (Yervoy) | Cancer information | Cancer Research UK. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/cancer-drugs/drugs/ ipilimumab-yervoy

Nivolumab (Opdivo) | Cancer information | Cancer Research UK. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/cancer-drugs/drugs/ nivolumab

Km, H., Ce, J., & Cj, W. (2018). Immune checkpoint blockade therapy for cancer: An overview of FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors. International Immunopharmacology, 62. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.001

Ferlay, J., Colombet, M., Soerjomataram, I., Parkin, D. M., Piñeros, M., Znaor, A., & Bray, F. (2021). Cancer statistics for the year 2020: An overview. International Journal of Cancer, 149(4), 778–789. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33588

Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Fedewa, S. A., Ahnen, D. J., Meester, R. G. S., Barzi, A., & Jemal, A. (2017). Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 67(3), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21395

Ciardiello, D., Vitiello, P. P., Cardone, C., Martini, G., Troiani, T., Martinelli, E., & Ciardiello, F. (2019). Immunotherapy of colorectal cancer: Challenges for therapeutic efficacy. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 76, 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.04.003

Fontana, E., Eason, K., Cervantes, A., Salazar, R., & Sadanandam, A. (2019). Context matters—Consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer as biomarkers for clinical trials. Annals of Oncology, 30(4), 520–527. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz052

Thanki, K., Nicholls, M. E., Gajjar, A., Senagore, A. J., Qiu, S., Szabo, C., Hellmich, M. R., & Chao, C. (2017). Consensus Molecular Subtypes of Colorectal Cancer and their Clinical Implications. International biological and biomedical journal, 3(3), 105–111.

Gupta, A. K., Melton, L. J., Petersen, G. M., Timmons, L. J., Vege, S. S., Harmsen, W. S., Diehl, N. N., Zinsmeister, A. R., & Ahlquist, D. A. (2005). Changing trends in the incidence, stage, survival, and screen-detection of colorectal cancer: A population-based study. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 3(2), 150–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00664-0

Ooki, A., Shinozaki, E., & Yamaguchi, K. (2021). Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer: Current and Future Strategies. Journal of the Anus, Rectum and Colon, 5(1), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.23922/ jarc.2020-064

Zhang, H., Dai, Z., Wu, W., Wang, Z., Zhang, N., Zhang, L., Zeng, W.-J., Liu, Z., & Cheng, Q. (2021). Regulatory mechanisms of immune checkpoints PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in cancer. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, 40(1), 184. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-021-01987-7

Wu, X., Gu, Z., Chen, Y., Chen, B., Chen, W., Weng, L., & Liu, X. (2019). Application of PD-1 Blockade in Cancer Immunotherapy. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 17, 661–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2019.03.006

Combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockers for treatment of cancer | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | Full Text. (n.d.). Retrieved April 1, 2022, from https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/ articles/10.1186/s13046-019-1259-z

Seidel, J. A., Otsuka, A., & Kabashima, K. (2018). Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Therapies in Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Efficacy, and Limitations. Frontiers in oncology, 8, 86. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fonc.2018.00086

Pardoll D. M. (2012). The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nature reviews. Cancer, 12(4), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3239

Linsley, P. S., Greene, J. L., Tan, P., Bradshaw, J., Ledbetter, J. A., Anasetti, C., & Damle, N. K. (1992). Coexpression and functional cooperation of CTLA-4 and CD28 on activated T lymphocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine, 176(6), 1595–1604.

Chen, L., Ashe, S., Brady, W. A., Hellström, I., Hellström, K. E., Ledbetter, J. A., McGowan, P., & Linsley, P. S. (1992). Costimulation of antitumor immunity by the B7 counterreceptor for the T lymphocyte molecules CD28 and CTLA-4. Cell, 71(7), 1093–1102. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(05)80059-5

Overman, M. J., McDermott, R., Leach, J. L., Lonardi, S., Lenz, H. J., Morse, M. A., Desai, J., Hill, A., Axelson, M., Moss, R. A., Goldberg, M. V., Cao, Z. A., Ledeine, J. M., Maglinte, G. A., Kopetz, S., & André, T. (2017). Nivolumab in patients with metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer (CheckMate 142): an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study. The Lancet. Oncology, 18(9), 1182–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30422-9

Zitvogel L, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, André F, Tesniere A, Kroemer G. The anticancer immune response: indispensable for therapeutic success? J Clin Invest. 2008 Jun;118(6):1991-2001. doi: 10.1172/JCI35180. PMID: 18523649; PMCID: PMC2396905.

Kang, M. J., Kim, K. M., Bae, J. S., Park, H. S., Lee, H., Chung, M. J., Moon, W. S., Lee, D. G., & Jang, K. Y. (2013). Tumor-infiltrating PD1-Positive Lymphocytes and FoxP3-Positive Regulatory T Cells Predict Distant Metastatic Relapse and Survival of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Translational oncology, 6(3), 282–289.

Brahmer, J. R., Drake, C. G., Wollner, I., Powderly, J. D., Picus, J., Sharfman, W. H., Stankevich, E., Pons, A., Salay, T. M., McMiller, T. L., Gilson, M. M., Wang, C., Selby, M., Taube, J. M., Anders, R., Chen, L., Korman, A. J., Pardoll, D. M., Lowy, I., & Topalian, S. L. (2010). Phase I study of single-agent anti-programmed death-1 (MDX-1106) in refractory solid tumors: safety, clinical activity, pharmacodynamics, and immunologic correlates. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 28(19), 3167–3175.

Dosset, M., Vargas, T. R., Lagrange, A., Boidot, R., Végran, F., Roussey, A., Chalmin, F., Dondaine, L., Paul, C., Lauret Marie-Joseph, E., Martin, F., Ryffel, B., Borg, C., Adotévi, O., Ghiringhelli, F., & Apetoh, L. (2018). PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: an adaptive immune resistance mechanism to immunogenic chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology, 7(6), e1433981.

Hussaini, S., Chehade, R., Boldt, R. G., Raphael, J., Blanchette, P., Maleki Vareki, S., & Fernandes, R. (2021). Association between immune-related side effects and efficacy and benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 92, 102134.

De Miguel, M., & Calvo, E. (2020). Clinical Challenges of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Cancer Cell, 38(3), 326–333.

S, B., R, Y., & Eg, E. (2021). Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer: Clinical Impact and Mechanisms of Response and Resistance. Annual Review of Pathology, 16. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev-pathol-042020-042741