The efficacy of the therapeutic vaccine of breast cancer

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is result of uncontrolled cell division of mammary epithelial cells that are affected by cancerogenic factors. In early phase, the symptoms always present as breast lumps, nipple discharge and axillary lymph lumps. For advanced BC, cancer cells are able to transfer to other organs, causing pathological changes all over the body that may be lethal to patients. According to the International Association of Cancer Registries from International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in the year 2012, the morbidity of Europe is the highest, which reach 138.2/100,000, and Africa is the lowest, about 10.95/100,000. Except from Latin America, Asia and Africa, most of the regions have the morbidity over 130/100,000. As the investigation of WHO, the mortality of BC in 2020 is 29.8% globally, and over 99% cases are female patients. Without taking operation, chemotherapy, targeted treatment and endocrine therapy, therapeutic vaccine seems to be another treatment differ from other traditional treatment to cure breast cancer. Currently, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and endocrine therapy have formed the cornerstone of non-surgical treatment of breast cancer, and the overall cure rate has also been significantly improved. However, current treatment methods do not have a good effect on patients with advanced breast cancer. Cancer vaccine therapy can use the specific anti-immune system of cancer cells to activate the immune system for a long time, especially because the body has a long-term immune memory, which can reduce the chance of cancer recurrence. This review introduces current therapies for BC and discusses potential vaccines for the treatment of BC.