The application of vaccines in pet diseases

Abstract

With the changing times, most people have pet cats or dogs. In order to ensure the safety of pets, most people choose to have their pets vaccinated to prevent infectious diseases, as vaccination is widely recognized as one of the most effective and safe preventive measures. The initial vaccine was made due to smallpox virus, and at that time, technology was not advanced. The most primitive method was to inactivate the toxicity of the pathogen while maintaining its immunogenicity. The advantage of this vaccine lies in its stability and safety. Currently, most vaccines are inactivated vaccines. Later on, attenuated vaccines emerged, which were treated with formaldehyde to reduce toxicity but still maintain immunogenicity. The advantage of attenuated vaccines is that they have a longer immunization time, but there are also some unstable factors because the pathogen still retains some toxicity. There is also a type of genetic engineering vaccine, which can be divided into many types, such as genetic engineering subunit vaccines, recombinant virus vector vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, etc. There are three main types of pet vaccines, each of which plays an important role but also has certain limitations. This article conducts a thorough review on pet diseases and the application of these three categories of vaccine, illustrating its mechanism, efficacy and limitation.